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The Mixture of Experts (MoE) is an effective architecture for scaling large language models by leveraging sparse expert activation to balance performance and efficiency. However, under expert parallelism, MoE suffers from inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Shwai He , Weilin Cai , Jiayi Huang , Ang Li

Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures have recently advanced the scalability and adaptability of large language models (LLMs) for continual multimodal learning. However, efficiently extending these models to accommodate sequential tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Hengyuan Zhao , Ziqin Wang , Qixin Sun , Kaiyou Song , Yilin Li , Xiaolin Hu , Qingpei Guo , Si Liu

In recent years, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity of deep neural network (DNN) with sub-linear computational costs. However, storing all experts on GPUs incurs significant memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suraiya Tairin , Shohaib Mahmud , Haiying Shen , Anand Iyer

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate the rising computational costs of large language models (LLMs) by selectively activating parameters. However, its high memory requirements and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jehyeon Bang , Eunyeong Cho , Ranggi Hwang , Jinha Chung , Minsoo Rhu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in aiding developers with tasks like code comprehension, generation, and translation. Supporting multilingual programming -- i.e., coding tasks across multiple…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Yifan Zong , Yuntian Deng , Pengyu Nie

Sparse Mixtures of Experts (SMoE) scales model capacity without significant increases in training and inference costs, but exhibits the following two issues: (1) Low expert activation, where only a small subset of experts are activated for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Xun Wu , Shaohan Huang , Wenhui Wang , Furu Wei

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for efficiently scaling large language models without a proportional increase in computational cost. However, the standard training strategy of Top-K router prevents MoE models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yaoxiang Wang , Qingguo Hu , Yucheng Ding , Ruizhe Wang , Yeyun Gong , Jian Jiao , Yelong Shen , Peng Cheng , Jinsong Su

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) underscore the significance of scalable models and data to boost performance, yet this often incurs substantial computational costs. Although the Mixture of Experts (MoE)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Yunxin Li , Shenyuan Jiang , Baotian Hu , Longyue Wang , Wanqi Zhong , Wenhan Luo , Lin Ma , Min Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) effectively scales large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) by increasing capacity through sparse activation. However, preloading all experts into memory and activating multiple experts per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wei Huang , Yue Liao , Yukang Chen , Jianhui Liu , Haoru Tan , Si Liu , Shiming Zhang , Shuicheng Yan , Xiaojuan Qi

Multi-Head Mixture-of-Experts (MH-MoE) demonstrates superior performance by using the multi-head mechanism to collectively attend to information from various representation spaces within different experts. In this paper, we present a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Shaohan Huang , Xun Wu , Shuming Ma , Furu Wei

Most recent state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures to scale model capacity without proportional per-token compute, enabling higher-quality outputs at manageable serving costs.…

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining increasing attention due to its unique properties and remarkable performance, especially for language tasks. By sparsely activating a subset of parameters for each token, MoE architecture could increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ka Man Lo , Zeyu Huang , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Jie Fu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising approach to scale Large Language Models (LLMs). MoE boosts the efficiency by activating a subset of experts per token. Recent works show that fine-grained experts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zheyue Tan , Zhiyuan Li , Tao Yuan , Dong Zhou , Weilin Liu , Yueqing Zhuang , Yadong Li , Guowei Niu , Cheng Qin , Zhuyu Yao , Congyi Liu , Haiyang Xu , Boxun Li , Guohao Dai , Bo Zhao , Yu Wang

An increasing number of LLMs employ Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures where the feed-forward layer is replaced by a pool of experts and each token only activates a small subset of them. During autoregressive generation, these models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Costin-Andrei Oncescu , Qingyang Wu , Wai Tong Chung , Robert Wu , Bryan Gopal , Junxiong Wang , Tri Dao , Ben Athiwaratkun

The mixture of experts (MoE) model is a sparse variant of large language models (LLMs), designed to hold a better balance between intelligent capability and computational overhead. Despite its benefits, MoE is still too expensive to deploy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Haodong Wang , Qihua Zhou , Zicong Hong , Song Guo

Mixture of experts (MoE) models are a class of artificial neural networks that can be used for functional approximation and probabilistic modeling. An important class of MoE models is the class of mixture of linear experts (MoLE) models,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-29 Hien D. Nguyen , Faicel Chamroukhi , Florence Forbes

This research combines Knowledge Distillation (KD) and Mixture of Experts (MoE) to develop modular, efficient multilingual language models. Key objectives include evaluating adaptive versus fixed alpha methods in KD and comparing modular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Mohammed Al-Maamari , Mehdi Ben Amor , Michael Granitzer

Due to the inherent difficulty in modeling phonetic similarities across different languages, code-switching speech recognition presents a formidable challenge. This study proposes a Collaborative-MoE, a Mixture of Experts (MoE) model that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Hukai Huang , Jiayan Lin , Kaidi Wang , Yishuang Li , Wenhao Guan , Lin Li , Qingyang Hong

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs face significant obstacles due to their massive parameter scale, which imposes memory, storage, and deployment challenges. Although recent expert merging methods promise greater efficiency by consolidating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Lujun Li , Zhu Qiyuan , Jiacheng Wang , Wei Li , Hao Gu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong potential in audio-visual speech recognition (AVSR), but their high computational demands and sensitivity to token granularity limit their practicality in resource-constrained…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Umberto Cappellazzo , Minsu Kim , Pingchuan Ma , Honglie Chen , Xubo Liu , Stavros Petridis , Maja Pantic