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Despite recent advancements in speech emotion recognition (SER) models, state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) approaches face the challenge of the limited availability of annotated data. Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionised our…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Siddique Latif , Muhammad Usama , Mohammad Ibrahim Malik , Björn W. Schuller

Nowadays, social media is pivotal in shaping public discourse, especially on polarizing issues like vaccination, where diverse moral perspectives influence individual opinions. In NLP, data scarcity and complexity of psycholinguistic tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Tunazzina Islam , Dan Goldwasser

As generative AI models such as large language models (LLMs) become more pervasive, ensuring the safety, robustness, and overall trustworthiness of these systems is paramount. However, AI is currently facing a reproducibility crisis driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Deepak Pandita , Flip Korn , Chris Welty , Christopher M. Homan

An essential aspect of evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) is identifying potential biases. This is especially relevant considering the substantial evidence that LLMs can replicate human social biases in their text outputs and further…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Paula Akemi Aoyagui , Sharon Ferguson , Anastasia Kuzminykh

Human annotators frequently disagree on emotion labels, yet most evaluations of Large Language Model (LLM) emotion annotation collapse these judgments into a single gold standard, discarding the distributional information that disagreement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Keito Inoshita , Xiaokang Zhou , Akira Kawai , Katsutoshi Yada

The prevalence and impact of toxic discussions online have made content moderation crucial.Automated systems can play a vital role in identifying toxicity, and reducing the reliance on human moderation.Nevertheless, identifying toxic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Senjuti Dutta , Sid Mittal , Sherol Chen , Deepak Ramachandran , Ravi Rajakumar , Ian Kivlichan , Sunny Mak , Alena Butryna , Praveen Paritosh

Hate speech detection across contemporary social media presents unique challenges due to linguistic diversity and the informal nature of online discourse. These challenges are further amplified in settings involving code-mixing,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Daman Deep Singh , Ramanuj Bhattacharjee , Abhijnan Chakraborty

Modeling complex subjective tasks in Natural Language Processing, such as recognizing emotion and morality, is considerably challenging due to significant variation in human annotations. This variation often reflects reasonable differences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Georgios Chochlakis , Peter Wu , Arjun Bedi , Marcus Ma , Kristina Lerman , Shrikanth Narayanan

Human Label Variation (HLV), i.e. systematic differences among annotators' judgments, remains underexplored in benchmarks despite rapid progress in large language model (LLM) development. We address this gap by introducing an evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tomas Ruiz , Tanalp Agustoslu , Carsten Schwemmer

Large language models have recently been proposed as tools for automated essay scoring, but their agreement with human grading remains unclear. In this work, we evaluate how LLM-generated scores compare with human grades and analyze the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Jerin George Mathew , Sumayya Taher , Anindita Kundu , Denilson Barbosa

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Natural Language Processing (NLP), the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for automated text annotation in social media posts has garnered significant interest. Despite the impressive innovations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Mao Li , Frederick Conrad

Experimental evaluations of software engineering innovations, e.g., tools and processes, often include human-subject studies as a component of a multi-pronged strategy to obtain greater generalizability of the findings. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Toufique Ahmed , Premkumar Devanbu , Christoph Treude , Michael Pradel

Human annotated data is the cornerstone of today's artificial intelligence efforts, yet data labeling processes can be complicated and expensive, especially when human labelers disagree with each other. The current work practice is to use…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Yisi Sang , Jeffrey Stanton

The advent of AI driven large language models (LLMs) have stirred discussions about their role in qualitative research. Some view these as tools to enrich human understanding, while others perceive them as threats to the core values of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Muneera Bano , Didar Zowghi , Jon Whittle

Knowledge of slang is a desirable feature of LLMs in the context of user interaction, as slang often reflects an individual's social identity. Several works on informal language processing have defined and curated benchmarks for tasks such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Leonor Veloso , Lea Hirlimann , Philipp Wicke , Hinrich Schütze

In the rapidly evolving field of Explainable Natural Language Processing (NLP), textual explanations, i.e., human-like rationales, are pivotal for explaining model predictions and enriching datasets with interpretable labels. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mahdi Dhaini , Juraj Vladika , Ege Erdogan , Zineb Attaoui , Gjergji Kasneci

Supervised learning relies on high-quality labeled data, but obtaining such data through human annotation is both expensive and time-consuming. Recent work explores using large language models (LLMs) for annotation, but LLM-generated labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Lequan Lin , Dai Shi , Andi Han , Feng Chen , Qiuzheng Chen , Jiawen Li , Zhaoyang Li , Jiyuan Li , Zhenbang Sun , Junbin Gao

Annotating speaker attributes from text is inherently ambiguous, particularly in multilingual settings where demographic and social cues are implicit and culturally variable. We propose a human-large language model (LLM) collaborative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lingyu Gao , Will Monroe , David Smith , Meghan Jemison , Jackie Lee

Public Narratives (PNs) are key tools for leadership development and civic mobilization, yet their systematic analysis remains challenging due to their subjective interpretation and the high cost of expert annotation. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Elinor Poole-Dayan , Daniel T Kessler , Hannah Chiou , Margaret Hughes , Emily S Lin , Marshall Ganz , Deb Roy

The increasing capacities of large language models (LLMs) have been shown to present an unprecedented opportunity to scale up data analytics in the humanities and social sciences, by automating complex qualitative tasks otherwise typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Andres Karjus
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