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Cardinality estimation algorithms receive a stream of elements whose order might be arbitrary, with possible repetitions, and return the number of distinct elements. Such algorithms usually seek to minimize the required storage and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-08-26 Reuven Cohen , Liran Katzir , Aviv Yehezkel

We study two classes of summary-based cardinality estimators that use statistics about input relations and small-size joins in the context of graph database management systems: (i) optimistic estimators that make uniformity and conditional…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Jeremy Chen , Yuqing Huang , Mushi Wang , Semih Salihoglu , Ken Salem

We implement and evaluate deep learning for cardinality estimation by studying the accuracy, space and time trade-offs across several architectures. We find that simple deep learning models can learn cardinality estimations across a variety…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Jennifer Ortiz , Magdalena Balazinska , Johannes Gehrke , S. Sathiya Keerthi

The containment rate of query Q1 in query Q2 over database D is the percentage of Q1's result tuples over D that are also in Q2's result over D. We directly estimate containment rates between pairs of queries over a specific database. For…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Rojeh Hayek , Oded Shmueli

Research on learned cardinality estimation has made significant progress in recent years. However, existing methods still face distinct challenges that hinder their practical deployment in production environments. We define these challenges…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Kaixin Zhang , Hongzhi Wang , Ziqi Li , Yabin Lu , Yingze Li , Yu Yan , Yiming Guan

Cardinality estimation remains a fundamental challenge in query optimization, often resulting in sub-optimal execution plans and degraded performance. While errors in cardinality estimation are inevitable, existing methods for identifying…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Asoke Datta , Yesdaulet Izenov , Brian Tsan , Abylay Amanbayev , Florin Rusu

Cardinality estimation is a fundamental task in database systems and plays a critical role in query optimization. Despite significant advances in learning-based cardinality estimation methods, most existing approaches remain difficult to…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Xianghong Xu , Rong Kang , Xiao He , Lei Zhang , Jianjun Chen , Tieying Zhang

Cardinality estimation (CardEst) is an essential component in query optimizers and a fundamental problem in DBMS. A desired CardEst method should attain good algorithm performance, be stable to varied data settings, and be friendly to…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Ziniu Wu , Amir Shaikhha , Rong Zhu , Kai Zeng , Yuxing Han , Jingren Zhou

Query optimizers rely on accurate cardinality estimation (CardEst) to produce good execution plans. The core problem of CardEst is how to model the rich joint distribution of attributes in an accurate and compact manner. Despite decades of…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Rong Zhu , Ziniu Wu , Yuxing Han , Kai Zeng , Andreas Pfadler , Zhengping Qian , Jingren Zhou , Bin Cui

Cardinality estimation has long been crucial for cost-based database optimizers in identifying optimal query execution plans, attracting significant attention over the past decades. While recent advancements have significantly improved the…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Renrui Li , Qingzhi Ma , Jiajie Xu , Lei Zhao , An Liu

Cardinality estimation algorithms receive a stream of elements, with possible repetitions, and return the number of distinct elements in the stream. Such algorithms seek to minimize the required memory and CPU resource consumption at the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Reuven Cohen , Yuval Nezri

Cardinality estimation is one of the most fundamental and challenging problems in query optimization. Neither classical nor learning-based methods yield satisfactory performance when estimating the cardinality of the join queries. They…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Ziniu Wu , Parimarjan Negi , Mohammad Alizadeh , Tim Kraska , Samuel Madden

Learned cardinality estimation requires accurate model designs to capture the local characteristics of probability distributions. However, existing models may fail to accurately capture complex, multilateral dependencies between attributes.…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xinhe Mu , Zhaoqi Zhou , Zaijiu Shang , Chuan Zhou , Gang Fu , Guiying Yan , Guoliang Li , Zhiming Ma

Cardinality estimation is a critical component and a longstanding challenge in modern data warehouses. ByteHouse, ByteDance's cloud-native engine for extensive data analysis in exabyte-scale environments, serves numerous internal…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Yuxing Han , Haoyu Wang , Lixiang Chen , Yifeng Dong , Xing Chen , Benquan Yu , Chengcheng Yang , Weining Qian

Many techniques have been developed for the cardinality estimation problem in data management systems. In this document, we introduce a framework for cardinality estimation of query patterns over property graph databases, which makes it…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Wilco van Leeuwen , George Fletcher , Nikolay Yakovets

Recent work has reemphasized the importance of cardinality estimates for query optimization. While new techniques have continuously improved in accuracy over time, they still generally allow for under-estimates which often lead optimizers…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Kyle Deeds , Dan Suciu , Magda Balazinska

Cardinality estimation (CE) plays a crucial role in many database-related tasks such as query generation, cost estimation, and join ordering. Lately, we have witnessed the emergence of numerous learned CE models. However, no single CE model…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Jintao Zhang , Chao Zhang , Guoliang Li , Chengliang Chai

Accurate cardinality estimation of substring queries, which are commonly expressed using the SQL LIKE predicate, is crucial for query optimization in database systems. While both rule-based methods and machine learning-based methods have…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yirui Zhan , Wen Nie , Jun Gao

Database Management Systems (DBMSs) process a given query by creating a query plan, which is subsequently executed, to compute the query's result. Deriving an efficient query plan is challenging, and both academia and industry have invested…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Jinsheng Ba , Manuel Rigger

Cardinality estimation is a key component of database query optimization. Recent studies have demonstrated that learned cardinality estimation techniques can surpass traditional methods in accuracy. However, a significant barrier to their…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Lyu Yi , Weiqi Feng , Yuanbiao Wang , Yuhong Kan