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Due to the risks associated with vulnerabilities in smart contracts, their security has gained significant attention in recent years. However, there is a lack of open datasets on smart contract vulnerabilities and their fixes that allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Majd Soud , Ilham Qasse , Grischa Liebel , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Hackers may create malicious solidity programs and deploy it in the Ethereum block chain. These malicious smart contracts try to attack legitimate programs by exploiting its vulnerabilities such as reentrancy, tx.origin attack, bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Roopak Surendran

With blockchain technology rapidly progress, the smart contracts have become a common tool in a number of industries including finance, healthcare, insurance and gaming. The number of smart contracts has multiplied, and at the same time,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Mohammad Khodadadi , Jafar Tahmoresnezhad

The rapid adoption of blockchain technology highlighted the importance of ensuring the security of smart contracts due to their critical role in automated business logic execution on blockchain platforms. This paper provides an empirical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Francesco Salzano , Cosmo Kevin Antenucci , Simone Scalabrino , Giovanni Rosa , Rocco Oliveto , Remo Pareschi

Context: Smart contracts are computer programs that are automatically executed on the blockchain. Vulnerabilities in their implementation have led to severe loss of cryptocurrency. Smart contracts become immutable when deployed to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Majd Soud , Grischa Liebel , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Smart contracts are programs that execute inside blockchains such as Ethereum to manipulate digital assets. Since bugs in smart contracts may lead to substantial financial losses, there is considerable interest in formally proving their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Christian Bräm , Marco Eilers , Peter Müller , Robin Sierra , Alexander J. Summers

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising results in tasks such as node classification and graph classification. However, recent studies reveal that GNNs are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, posing a significant threat to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Zhiwei Zhang , Minhua Lin , Junjie Xu , Zongyu Wu , Enyan Dai , Suhang Wang

Widespread reuse of open-source code in smart contract development boosts programming efficiency but significantly amplifies bug propagation across contracts, while dedicated methods for detecting similar smart contract functions remain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Zhenguang Liu , Lixun Ma , Zhongzheng Mu , Chengkun Wei , Xiaojun Xu , Yingying Jiao , Kui Ren

Modern blockchain, such as Ethereum, supports the deployment and execution of so-called smart contracts, autonomous digital programs with significant value of cryptocurrency. Executing smart contracts requires gas costs paid by users, which…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Majd Soud , Waltteri Nuutinen , Grischa Liebel

Recently, phishing scams have posed a significant threat to blockchains. Phishing detectors direct their efforts in hunting phishing addresses. Most of the detectors extract target addresses' transaction behavior features by random walking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Jinyin Chen , Haiyang Xiong , Dunjie Zhang , Zhenguang Liu , Jiajing Wu

In e-commerce industry, graph neural network methods are the new trends for transaction risk modeling.The power of graph algorithms lie in the capability to catch transaction linking network information, which is very hard to be captured by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Hang Yin , Zitao Zhang , Zhurong Wang , Yilmazcan Ozyurt , Weiming Liang , Wenyu Dong , Yang Zhao , Yinan Shan

The widespread lack of broad source code verification on blockchain explorers such as Etherscan, where despite 78,047,845 smart contracts deployed on Ethereum (as of May 26, 2025), a mere 767,520 (< 1%) are open source, presents a severe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Dawn Song , Arthur Gervais , Kaihua Qin

The success of smart contracts has made them a target for attacks, but their closed-source nature often forces vulnerability detection to work on bytecode, which is inherently more challenging than source-code-based analysis. While recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Ye Tian , Yifan Jia , Yanbin Wang , Jianguo Sun , Haitao Xu , Xin Wang , Zhihua Fu

Smart contracts are programs running on cryptocurrency (e.g., Ethereum) blockchains, whose popularity stem from the possibility to perform financial transactions, such as payments and auctions, in a distributed environment without need for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Ilya Grishchenko , Matteo Maffei , Clara Schneidewind

The current landscape of system-on-chips (SoCs) security verification faces challenges due to manual, labor-intensive, and inflexible methodologies. These issues limit the scalability and effectiveness of security protocols, making bug…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shams Tarek , Dipayan Saha , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi

The growing dependence of software projects on external libraries has generated apprehensions regarding the security of these libraries because of concealed vulnerabilities. Handling these vulnerabilities presents difficulties due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Hieu Dinh Vo , Thanh Trong Vu , Son Nguyen

With the rapid advancement of blockchain technology, smart contracts have enabled the implementation of increasingly complex functionalities. However, ensuring the security of smart contracts remains a persistent challenge across the stages…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Yuchen Ding , Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li

Code smells and software vulnerabilities both increase maintenance cost, yet they are often handled by separate tools that miss structural context and produce noisy warnings. This paper presents The Code Whisperer, a hybrid framework that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Mohammad Baqar , Raji Rustamov , Alexander Hughes

Fraud detection problems are usually formulated as a machine learning problem on a graph. Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown solid performance on fraud detection. The successes of most previous methods heavily rely on rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Chen Wang , Yingtong Dou , Min Chen , Jia Chen , Zhiwei Liu , Philip S. Yu

Smart contracts are distributed, self-enforcing programs executing on top of blockchain networks. They have the potential to revolutionize many industries such as financial institutes and supply chains. However, smart contracts are subject…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Tai D. Nguyen , Long H. Pham , Jun Sun