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Large Language Models (LLMs) are pretrained on extensive multilingual corpora to acquire both language-specific cultural knowledge and general knowledge. Ideally, while LLMs should provide consistent responses to culture-independent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yumeng Wang , Zhiyuan Fan , Qingyun Wang , May Fung , Heng Ji

Many model-based reinforcement learning (RL) methods follow a similar template: fit a model to previously observed data, and then use data from that model for RL or planning. However, models that achieve better training performance (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Benjamin Eysenbach , Alexander Khazatsky , Sergey Levine , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Instruction-following is a critical capability of Large Language Models (LLMs). While existing works primarily focus on assessing how well LLMs adhere to user instructions, they often overlook scenarios where instructions contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xingwei He , Qianru Zhang , Pengfei Chen , Guanhua Chen , Linlin Yu , Yuan Yuan , Siu-Ming Yiu

While reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved notable success in various domains, training effective policies for complex tasks remains challenging. Agents often converge to local optima and fail to maximize long-term rewards. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Heng Tan , Hua Yan , Yu Yang

Personalized alignment is crucial for enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to engage effectively in user-centric interactions. However, current methods face a dual challenge: they fail to infer users' deep implicit preferences (including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Peiming Li , Zhiyuan Hu , Yang Tang , Shiyu Li , Xi Chen

Aligning language models (LMs) based on human-annotated preference data is a crucial step in obtaining practical and performant LM-based systems. However, multilingual human preference data are difficult to obtain at scale, making it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zhaofeng Wu , Ananth Balashankar , Yoon Kim , Jacob Eisenstein , Ahmad Beirami

Model-based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) aims to make agents more sample-efficient, adaptive, and explainable by learning an explicit model of the environment. While the capabilities of MBRL agents have significantly improved in recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Ran Wei , Nathan Lambert , Anthony McDonald , Alfredo Garcia , Roberto Calandra

Reward models are critical in techniques like Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and Inference Scaling Laws, where they guide language model alignment and select optimal responses. Despite their importance, existing reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yantao Liu , Zijun Yao , Rui Min , Yixin Cao , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are nowadays expected to generate content aligned with human preferences. Current work focuses on alignment at model training time, through techniques such as Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 James Y. Huang , Sailik Sengupta , Daniele Bonadiman , Yi-An Lai , Arshit Gupta , Nikolaos Pappas , Saab Mansour , Katrin Kirchhoff , Dan Roth

Reward Modeling is critical in evaluating and improving the generation of Large Language Models (LLMs). While numerous recent works have shown its feasibility in improving safety, helpfulness, reasoning, and instruction-following ability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Hanning Zhang , Juntong Song , Juno Zhu , Yuanhao Wu , Tong Zhang , Cheng Niu

Advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP), have led to the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT, Llama, Claude, and Gemini, which excel across a range of tasks but require extensive fine-tuning to align their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Angela Lopez-Cardona , Carlos Segura , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Sergi Abadal , Ioannis Arapakis

Adapting vision-language models (VLMs) to downstream tasks with pseudolabels has gained increasing attention. A major obstacle is that the pseudolabels generated by VLMs tend to be imbalanced, leading to inferior performance. While existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yuchen Wang , Xuefeng Bai , Xiucheng Li , Weili Guan , Liqiang Nie , Xinyang Chen

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved breakthrough progress in many dialogue generation tasks. However, their lack of emotion and fine-grained role awareness limits the model's ability to provide personalized and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ke Ji , Yixin Lian , Linxu Li , Jingsheng Gao , Weiyuan Li , Bin Dai

Inspired by the exceptional general intelligence of Large Language Models (LLMs), researchers have begun to explore their application in pioneering the next generation of recommender systems - systems that are conversational, explainable,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Wensheng Lu , Jianxun Lian , Wei Zhang , Guanghua Li , Mingyang Zhou , Hao Liao , Xing Xie

Finetuning large language models on narrowly harmful datasets can cause them to become emergently misaligned, giving stereotypically `evil' responses across diverse unrelated settings. Concerningly, a pre-registered survey of experts failed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Anna Soligo , Edward Turner , Senthooran Rajamanoharan , Neel Nanda

Aligning the behavior of Large language models (LLMs) with human intentions and values remains a critical challenge. Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) aligns LLMs by training a reward model (RM) on human preferences and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Jiayi Zhou , Jiaming Ji , Juntao Dai , Dong Li , Yaodong Yang

Preference-based reward learning is widely used for shaping agent behavior to match a user's preference, yet its sparse binary feedback makes it especially vulnerable to causal confusion. The learned reward often latches onto spurious…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Minjune Hwang , Yigit Korkmaz , Daniel Seita , Erdem Bıyık

As humans, we consistently interact with our peers and receive feedback in the form of natural language. This language feedback allows us to maintain appropriate behavior, and rectify potential errors. The question arises naturally: can we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Weiwen Xu , Deng Cai , Zhisong Zhang , Wai Lam , Shuming Shi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated revolutionary capabilities in understanding complex contexts and performing a wide range of tasks. However, LLMs can also answer questions that are unethical or harmful, raising concerns about…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Kang Yang , Guanhong Tao , Xun Chen , Jun Xu

Biases and errors in human-labeled data present significant challenges for machine learning, especially in supervised learning reliant on potentially flawed ground truth data. These flaws, including diagnostic errors and societal biases,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Edward Y. Chang
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