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As Large Language Models (LLMs) transition into autonomous agentic roles, the risk of deception-defined behaviorally as the systematic provision of false information to satisfy external incentives-poses a significant challenge to AI safety.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Arash Marioriyad , Ali Nouri , Mohammad Hossein Rohban , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents a dual challenge in the fight against disinformation. These powerful tools, capable of generating human-like text at scale, can be weaponised to produce sophisticated and persuasive…

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive general-purpose capabilities but also introduce serious safety risks, particularly the potential for deception as models acquire increased agency and human oversight diminishes. In this work,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Matthew Lyle Olson , Neale Ratzlaff , Musashi Hinck , Tri Nguyen , Vasudev Lal , Joseph Campbell , Simon Stepputtis , Shao-Yen Tseng

As AI systems increasingly assume roles where trust and alignment with human values are essential, understanding when and why they engage in deception has become a critical research priority. We introduce The Traitors, a multi-agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Pedro M. P. Curvo

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly used as autonomous subordinates that carry out tasks for users. This raises the question of whether they may also engage in deception, similar to how individuals in human…

Deception and persuasion play a critical role in long-horizon dialogues between multiple parties, especially when the interests, goals, and motivations of the participants are not aligned. Such complex tasks pose challenges for current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Simon Stepputtis , Joseph Campbell , Yaqi Xie , Zhengyang Qi , Wenxin Sharon Zhang , Ruiyi Wang , Sanketh Rangreji , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara

As LLM-based agents increasingly operate in multi-agent systems, understanding adversarial manipulation becomes critical for defensive design. We present a systematic study of intentional deception as an engineered capability, using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jason Starace , Terence Soule

In Social Deduction Games (SDGs) such as Avalon, Mafia, and Werewolf, players conceal their identities and deliberately mislead others, making hidden-role inference a central and demanding task. Accurate role identification, which forms the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Kaijie Xu , Fandi Meng , Clark Verbrugge , Simon Lucas

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly used in many applications, raising concerns about their safety. While previous work has shown that LLMs can deceive in controlled tasks, less is known about their ability to deceive using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Christopher Kao , Vanshika Vats , James Davis

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as interactive agents, open-ended human-AI interactions can involve deceptive behaviors with serious real-world consequences, yet existing evaluations remain largely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yichen Wu , Qianqian Gao , Xudong Pan , Geng Hong , Min Yang

Agentic workflows -- where multiple large language model (LLM) instances interact to solve tasks -- are increasingly built on feedback mechanisms, where one model evaluates and critiques another. Despite the promise of feedback-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yifei Ming , Zixuan Ke , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Jiayu Wang , Shafiq Joty

Recent research on large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated their ability to understand and employ deceptive behavior, even without explicit prompting. However, such behavior has only been observed in rare, specialized cases and has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Laurène Vaugrante , Francesca Carlon , Maluna Menke , Thilo Hagendorff

Large language model (LLM) agents have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in various domains like open-ended conversation and multi-step decision-making. However, it remains challenging for these agents to solve strategic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Zelai Xu , Wanjun Gu , Chao Yu , Yi Wu , Yu Wang

Achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) requires AI agents that can not only make stratigic decisions but also engage in flexible and meaningful communication. Inspired by Wittgenstein's language game theory in Philosophical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Rong Ye , Yongxin Zhang , Yikai Zhang , Haoyu Kuang , Zhongyu Wei , Peng Sun

Reliable detection of deceptive behavior in Large Language Model (LLM) agents is an essential prerequisite for safe deployment in high-stakes agentic contexts. Prior work on scheming detection has focused exclusively on black-box monitors…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Snehasis Mukhopadhyay

We explore the ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage in subtle deception through strategically phrasing and intentionally manipulating information. This harmful behavior can be hard to detect, unlike blatant lying or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Atharvan Dogra , Krishna Pillutla , Ameet Deshpande , Ananya B Sai , John Nay , Tanmay Rajpurohit , Ashwin Kalyan , Balaraman Ravindran

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for legal argument generation, yet they pose significant risks of manipulation through hallucination and ungrounded persuasion, and often fail to utilize provided factual bases…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Li Zhang , Kevin D. Ashley

Communication games, which we refer to as incomplete information games that heavily depend on natural language communication, hold significant research value in fields such as economics, social science, and artificial intelligence. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Yuzhuang Xu , Shuo Wang , Peng Li , Fuwen Luo , Xiaolong Wang , Weidong Liu , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities in mathematical and scientific tasks. To enhance complex reasoning, multi-agent systems have been proposed to harness the collective intelligence of LLM agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhenyu Bi , Meng Lu , Yang Li , Swastik Roy , Weijie Guan , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

This study proposes a method to improve the performance of Werewolf agents by switching between predefined strategies based on the attitudes of other players and the context of conversations. While prior works of Werewolf agents using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Fuya Nakamori , Yin Jou Huang , Fei Cheng