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Suppose we are given the conditional probability of one variable given some other variables.Normally the full joint distribution over the conditioning variablesis required to determine the probability of the conditioned variable.Under what…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Avi Pfeffer

We study the compatibility of measurements on finite-dimensional compact convex state space in the framework of general probabilistic theory. Our main emphasis is on formulation of necessary and sufficient conditions for two-outcome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-26 Martin Plávala

Plausibility measures are structures for reasoning in the face of uncertainty that generalize probabilities, unifying them with weaker structures like possibility measures and comparative probability relations. So far, the theory of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-07 Tobias Fritz , Matthew Leifer

I explain the difficulty of making various concepts of and relating to probability precise, rigorous and physically significant when attempting to apply them in reasoning about objects (e.g., spacetimes) living in infinite-dimensional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-09-08 Erik Curiel

Testing whether a probability distribution is compatible with a given Bayesian network is a fundamental task in the field of causal inference, where Bayesian networks model causal relations. Here we consider the class of causal structures…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-04 Aditya Kela , Kai von Prillwitz , Johan Aberg , Rafael Chaves , David Gross

Topological models of empirical and formal inquiry are increasingly prevalent. They have emerged in such diverse fields as domain theory [1, 16], formal learning theory [18], epistemology and philosophy of science [10, 15, 8, 9, 2],…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Konstantin Genin , Kevin T. Kelly

Measurement incompatibility is one of the basic aspects of quantum theory. Here we study the structure of the set of compatible -- i.e. jointly measurable -- measurements. We are interested in whether or not there exist compatible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Paul Skrzypczyk , Matty J. Hoban , Ana Belén Sainz , Noah Linden

We study here the topology of information on the space of probability measures over Polish spaces that was defined in [1]. We show that under this topology, a convergent sequence of probability measures satisfying a conditional independence…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-02-25 Abhishek Gupta

Probabilistic conditioning is concerned with the identification of a distribution of a random variable $X$ given a random variable $Y$. It is a cornerstone of scientific and engineering applications where modeling uncertainty is key. This…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-13 Panos Tsimpos , Edoardo Calvello , Ayoub Belhadji , Nicholas H. Nelsen

Coupling probability measures lies at the core of many problems in statistics and machine learning, from domain adaptation to transfer learning and causal inference. Yet, even when restricted to deterministic transports, such couplings are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-22 Lucas De Lara , Luca Ganassali

We establish topological necessary and sufficient conditions under which a pair of statistical hypotheses can be consistently distinguished when i.i.d. observations are recorded only to finite precision. To accommodate finite-precision…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-06 Philip Boeken , Eduardo Skapinakis , Konstantin Genin , Joris M. Mooij

Measurement incompatibility stipulates the existence of quantum measurements that cannot be carried out simultaneously on single systems. We show that the set of input-output probabilities obtained from d-dimensional classical systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-13 Debashis Saha , Debarshi Das , Arun Kumar Das , Bihalan Bhattacharya , A. S. Majumdar

We formulate the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a pair of maximally incompatible two-outcome measurements in a finite dimensional General Probabilistic Theory. The conditions are on the geometry of the state space,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-16 Anna Jenčová , Martin Plávala

The conventional definition of a topological metric over a space specifies properties that must be obeyed by any measure of "how separated" two points in that space are. Here it is shown how to extend that definition, and in particular the…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2007-10-15 David H. Wolpert

We define a class of probability distributions that we call simplicial mixture models, inspired by simplicial complexes from algebraic topology. The parameters of these distributions represent their topology and we show that it is possible…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-24 James T. Griffin

We consider the problems of hypothesis testing on a probability measure of independent sample, on solution of ill-posed problem, on deconvolution problem and on Poisson mean measure. For all these setups necessary conditions and sufficient…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-10-24 Mikhail Ermakov

Contextuality is usually defined as absence of a joint distribution for a set of measurements (random variables) with known joint distributions of some of its subsets. However, if these subsets of measurements are not disjoint,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-05 Ehtibar Dzhafarov , Janne Kujala

We study the interpretability of conditional probability estimates for binary classification under the agnostic setting or scenario. Under the agnostic setting, conditional probability estimates do not necessarily reflect the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-01 Yihan Gao , Aditya Parameswaran , Jian Peng

As inductive inference and machine learning methods in computer science see continued success, researchers are aiming to describe ever more complex probabilistic models and inference algorithms. It is natural to ask whether there is a…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-11-19 Nathanael L. Ackerman , Cameron E. Freer , Daniel M. Roy

Conditional specification of distributions is a developing area with many applications. In the finite discrete case, a variety of compatible conditions can be derived. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to study the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-19 Indranil Ghosh , N. Balakrishnan
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