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In response to growing concerns about user privacy, legislators have introduced new regulations and laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that force websites to obtain user…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Marco Mellia , Daniel Fernandez , Rodrigo Irarrazaval

Since the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in May 2018 more than 60 % of popular websites in Europe display cookie consent notices to their visitors. This has quickly led to users becoming fatigued with privacy…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Christine Utz , Martin Degeling , Sascha Fahl , Florian Schaub , Thorsten Holz

As a result of the GDPR and the ePrivacy Directive, European users encounter cookie banners on almost every website. Many of such banners are implemented by Consent Management Providers (CMPs), who respect the IAB Europe's Transparency and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Célestin Matte , Nataliia Bielova , Cristiana Santos

In 2002, the European Union (EU) introduced the ePrivacy Directive to regulate the usage of online tracking technologies. Its aim is to make tracking mechanisms explicit while increasing privacy awareness in users. It mandates websites to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Martino Trevisan , Stefano Traverso , Hassan Metwalley , Marco Mellia

In this work, we analyze the legal requirements on how cookie banners are supposed to be implemented to be fully compliant with the e-Privacy Directive and the General Data Protection Regulation. Our contribution resides in the definition…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Cristiana Santos , Nataliia Bielova , Célestin Matte

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which went into effect in May 2018, leads to important changes in this area: companies are now required to ask for users' consent before collecting and sharing personal data and by law…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Tobias Urban , Dennis Tatang , Martin Degeling , Thorsten Holz , Norbert Pohlmann

New consent management platforms (CMPs) have been introduced to the web to conform with the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, particularly its requirements for consent when companies collect and process users' personal data. This…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-01-09 Midas Nouwens , Ilaria Liccardi , Michael Veale , David Karger , Lalana Kagal

To comply with data protection regulations such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), websites widely deploy cookie consent banners to collect users' privacy preferences. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Nivedita Singh , Seyoung Jin , Hyoungshick Kim

During the past few years, mostly as a result of the GDPR and the CCPA, websites have started to present users with cookie consent banners. These banners are web forms where the users can state their preference and declare which cookies…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Emmanouil Papadogiannakis , Panagiotis Papadopoulos , Nicolas Kourtellis , Evangelos P. Markatos

This paper introduces the strategic approach to regulating personal data and the normative foundations of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ('GDPR'). We explain the genesis of the GDPR, which is best understood as an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Chris Jay Hoofnagle , Bart van der Sloot , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect on May 25, 2018. Its privacy regulations apply to any service and company collecting or processing personal data in Europe. Many companies had to adjust their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Martin Degeling , Christine Utz , Christopher Lentzsch , Henry Hosseini , Florian Schaub , Thorsten Holz

This PhD thesis discusses how European law could improve privacy protection in the area of behavioural targeting. Behavioural targeting, also referred to as online profiling, involves monitoring people's online behaviour, and using the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Frederik Johannes Zuiderveen Borgesius

The GDPR, or the Datenschutz Grundverordnung (DSGVO) in German, is an EU Law which addresses the subject of safeguarding privacy of personal data of the citizens of the EU and EEA. It also specifies how data the collected data might be…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Sanchit Alekh

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires websites to ask for consent to the use of cookies for \emph{specific purposes}. This enlarges the relevant design space for consent dialogs. Websites could try to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Dominique Machuletz , Rainer Böhme

Data protection regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA, require websites and embedded third-parties, especially advertisers, to seek user consent before they can collect and process user data. Only when the users opt in, can these entities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zengrui Liu , Umar Iqbal , Nitesh Saxena

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) secures the right to Opt-Out for consumers in California. However, websites may implement complex consent mechanisms that potentially do not capture the user's true choices. We investigated the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Torsha Mazumdar , Daniel Timko , Muhammad Lutfor Rahman

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is one of the most demanding and comprehensive privacy regulations of all time. A year after it went into effect, we study its impact on the landscape of privacy policies online. We conduct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Thomas Linden , Rishabh Khandelwal , Hamza Harkous , Kassem Fawaz

Recent privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) have established legal requirements for obtaining user consent regarding the collection, use, and sharing of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Ying Li , Wenjun Qiu , Faysal Hossain Shezan , Kunlin Cai , Michelangelo van Dam , Lisa Austin , David Lie , Yuan Tian

Consent dialogues are a source of annoyance, malicious intent, dark patterns, illegal practices and a plethora of other issues. This work presents known problems based on GDPR requirements grouped into two categories: (i) UI/UX for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Harshvardhan J. Pandit

To protect users' privacy, legislators have regulated the usage of tracking technologies, mandating the acquisition of users' consent before collecting data. Consequently, websites started showing more and more consent management modules --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Luca Vassio , Marco Mellia
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