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Blockchain recently became very popular due to its use in cryptocurrencies and potential application in various domains (e.g., retail, healthcare, insurance). The smart contract is a key part of blockchain systems and specifies an agreement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Fernando Richter Vidal , Naghmeh Ivaki , Nuno Laranjeiro

The rapid adoption of blockchain technology highlighted the importance of ensuring the security of smart contracts due to their critical role in automated business logic execution on blockchain platforms. This paper provides an empirical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Francesco Salzano , Cosmo Kevin Antenucci , Simone Scalabrino , Giovanni Rosa , Rocco Oliveto , Remo Pareschi

Ethereum has officially provided a set of system-level cryptographic APIs to enhance smart contracts with cryptographic capabilities. These APIs have been utilized in over 10% of Ethereum transactions, motivating developers to implement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Jiashuo Zhang , Yiming Shen , Jiachi Chen , Jianzhong Su , Yanlin Wang , Ting Chen , Jianbo Gao , Zhong Chen

Smart contracts are small programs on the blockchain that often handle valuable assets. Vulnerabilities in smart contracts can be costly, as time has shown over and over again. Countermeasures are high in demand and include best practice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Monika di Angelo , Gernot Salzer

We present solc-verify, a source-level verification tool for Ethereum smart contracts. Solc-verify takes smart contracts written in Solidity and discharges verification conditions using modular program analysis and SMT solvers. Built on top…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Ákos Hajdu , Dejan Jovanović

Smart contracts have emerged as key components within decentralized environments, enabling the automation of transactions through self-executing programs. While these innovations offer significant advantages, they also present potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Biagio Boi , Christian Esposito

Smart contract (SC) platforms form blocks of transactions into a chain and execute them via user-defined smart contracts. In conventional platforms like Bitcoin and Ethereum, the transactions within a block are executed \emph{sequentially}…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Quan Nguyen , Andre Cronje , Michael Kong

Front-running attacks have been a major concern on the blockchain. Attackers launch front-running attacks by inserting additional transactions before upcoming victim transactions to manipulate victim transaction executions and make profits.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Wuqi Zhang , Lili Wei , Shing-Chi Cheung , Yepang Liu , Shuqing Li , Lu Liu , Michael R. Lyu

Blockchain has become particularly popular due to its promise to support business-critical services in very different domains (e.g., retail, supply chains, healthcare). Blockchain systems rely on complex middleware, like Ethereum or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Ákos Hajdu , Naghmeh Ivaki , Imre Kocsis , Attila Klenik , László Gönczy , Nuno Laranjeiro , Henrique Madeira , András Pataricza

Ethereum smart contracts are programs that are deployed and executed in a consensus-based blockchain managed by a peer-to-peer network. Several re-entrancy attacks that aim to steal Ether, the cryptocurrency used in Ethereum, stored in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Yuichiro Chinen , Naoto Yanai , Jason Paul Cruz , Shingo Okamura

We introduce the Deep Learning Vulnerability Analyzer (DLVA) for Ethereum smart contracts based on neural networks. We train DLVA to judge bytecode even though the supervising oracle can only judge source. DLVA's training algorithm is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tamer Abdelaziz , Aquinas Hobor

This paper provides a systematic analysis of the opportunities, challenges, and potential solutions of harnessing Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 to dig out vulnerabilities within smart contracts based on our ongoing research.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Fatih İlhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Ling Liu

Modern cryptocurrency systems, such as Ethereum, permit complex financial transactions through scripts called smart contracts. These smart contracts are executed many, many times, always without real concurrency. First, all smart contracts…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-02-16 Thomas Dickerson , Paul Gazzillo , Maurice Herlihy , Eric Koskinen

We reveal six zero-day social engineering attacks in Ethereum, and subdivide them into two classes: Address Manipulation and Homograph. We demonstrate the attacks by embedding them in source codes of five popular smart contracts with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Nikolay Ivanov , Qiben Yan

Smart contracts are decentralized applications built atop blockchains like Ethereum. Recent research has shown that large language models (LLMs) have potential in auditing smart contracts, but the state-of-the-art indicates that even GPT-4…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Wei Ma , Daoyuan Wu , Yuqiang Sun , Tianwen Wang , Shangqing Liu , Jian Zhang , Yue Xue , Yang Liu

The rapid growth of the blockchain ecosystem and the increasing value locked in smart contracts necessitate robust security measures. While languages like Solidity and Move aim to improve smart contract security, vulnerabilities persist.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Rabimba Karanjai , Lei Xu , Weidong Shi

Auto-completing code enables developers to speed up coding significantly. Recent advances in transformer-based large language model (LLM) technologies have been applied to code synthesis. However, studies show that many of such synthesized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 André Storhaug , Jingyue Li , Tianyuan Hu

Global illicit fund flows exceed an estimated $3.1 trillion annually, with stablecoins emerging as a preferred laundering medium due to their liquidity. While decentralized protocols increasingly adopt zero-knowledge proofs to obfuscate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Luciano Juvinski , Haochen Li , Alessio Brini

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) refers to a wide class of economic attacks to public blockchains, where adversaries with the power to reorder, drop or insert transactions in a block can "extract" value from smart contracts. Empirical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Massimo Bartoletti , Roberto Zunino

We investigate the feasibility of employing large language models (LLMs) for conducting the security audit of smart contracts, a traditionally time-consuming and costly process. Our research focuses on the optimization of prompt engineering…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Kaihua Qin , Dawn Song , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Arthur Gervais