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Comprehensive and efficient validation of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is critical prior to real-world deployment. While simulation-based testing offers scalability, existing approaches often lack seamless integration with real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Kanglong Quan , Zhebing Xia , Linfeng Jiang , Hao Yu , Ziheng Qiao , Dapeng Dong , Dongyao Jia

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Simulation is an integral part in the process of developing autonomous vehicles and advantageous for training, validation, and verification of driving functions. Even though simulations come with a series of benefits compared to real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ferdinand Mütsch , Helen Gremmelmaier , Nicolas Becker , Daniel Bogdoll , Marc René Zofka , J. Marius Zöllner

Autonomous racing offers a rigorous setting to stress test perception, planning, and control under high speed and uncertainty. This paper proposes an approach to design and evaluate a software stack for an autonomous race car in CARLA: Car…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joseph Abdo , Aditya Shibu , Moaiz Saeed , Abdul Maajid Aga , Apsara Sivaprazad , Mohamed Al-Musleh

KITTI-CARLA is a dataset built from the CARLA v0.9.10 simulator using a vehicle with sensors identical to the KITTI dataset. The vehicle thus has a Velodyne HDL64 LiDAR positioned in the middle of the roof and two color cameras similar to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Jean-Emmanuel Deschaud

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) aim to improve traffic safety and efficiency by reducing human error. However, ensuring AVs reliability and safety is a challenging task when rare, high-risk traffic scenarios are considered. These 'Corner Cases'…

As a part of the digital transformation, we interact with more and more intelligent gadgets. Today, these gadgets are often mobile devices, but in the advent of smart cities, more and more infrastructure---such as traffic and buildings---in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Francesco Concas , Jukka K. Nurminen , Tommi Mikkonen , Sasu Tarkoma

Digital twins of urban environments play a critical role in advancing autonomous vehicle (AV) research by enabling simulation, validation, and integration with emerging generative world models. While existing tools have demonstrated value,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Alex Richardson , Jonathan Sprinkle

Autonomous vehicles need to travel over 11 billion miles to ensure their safety. Therefore, the importance of simulation testing before real-world testing is self-evident. In recent years, the release of 3D simulators for autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Kai Li

This paper presents the simulation of the operation of an electric forklift fleet within an intralogistics scenario. For this purpose, the open source simulation tool CARLA is used; according to our knowledge this is a novel approach in the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-22 David Claus , Christiane Thielemann , Hans-Georg Stark

This paper presents the development of a real-time simulator for the validation of controlling a large vehicle manipulator. The need for this development can be justified by the lack of such a simulator: There are neither open source…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Balint Varga , Selina Meier , Soeren Hohmann

We present the CARLA corner case simulation (3CSim) for evaluating autonomous driving (AD) systems within the CARLA simulator. This framework is designed to address the limitations of traditional AD model training by focusing on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Matúš Čávojský , Eugen Šlapak , Matúš Dopiriak , Gabriel Bugár , Juraj Gazda

Machine Learning applications are acknowledged at the foundation of autonomous driving, because they are the enabling technology for most driving tasks. However, the inclusion of trained agents in automotive systems exposes the vehicle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Niccolò Piazzesi , Massimo Hong , Andrea Ceccarelli

Real-time perception and motion planning are two crucial tasks for autonomous driving. While there are many research works focused on improving the performance of perception and motion planning individually, it is still not clear how a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Zhanhong Huang , Xiao Zhang , Xinming Huang

To autonomously control vehicles, driving agents use outputs from a combination of machine-learning (ML) models, controller logic, and custom modules. Although numerous prior works have shown that adversarial examples can mislead ML models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Henry Wong , Clement Fung , Weiran Lin , Karen Li , Stanley Chen , Lujo Bauer

Recent advancements in computer graphics technology allow more realistic ren-dering of car driving environments. They have enabled self-driving car simulators such as DeepGTA-V and CARLA (Car Learning to Act) to generate large amounts of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Minh Cao , Ramin Ramezani

Developing reliable autonomous driving algorithms poses challenges in testing, particularly when it comes to safety-critical traffic scenarios involving pedestrians. An open question is how to simulate rare events, not necessarily found in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Yuhang Yang , Kalle Kujanpaa , Amin Babadi , Joni Pajarinen , Alexander Ilin

Imitation learning is becoming more and more successful for autonomous driving. End-to-end (raw signal to command) performs well on relatively simple tasks (lane keeping and navigation). Mid-to-mid (environment abstraction to mid-level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Thibault Buhet , Emilie Wirbel , Xavier Perrotton

Autonomous vehicle (AV) algorithms need to be tested extensively in order to make sure the vehicle and the passengers will be safe while using it after the implementation. Testing these algorithms in real world create another important…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Sukru Yaren Gelbal , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc

Autonomous driving in an unregulated urban crowd is an outstanding challenge, especially, in the presence of many aggressive, high-speed traffic participants. This paper presents SUMMIT, a high-fidelity simulator that facilitates the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Panpan Cai , Yiyuan Lee , Yuanfu Luo , David Hsu