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Recent works have shown that powerful pre-trained language models (PLM) can be fooled by small perturbations or intentional attacks. To solve this issue, various data augmentation techniques are proposed to improve the robustness of PLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Sirui Wang , Fuzheng Zhang , Wei Wu , Ji-Rong Wen

Pre-trained language models for code (PLMCs) have gained attention in recent research. These models are pre-trained on large-scale datasets using multi-modal objectives. However, fine-tuning them requires extensive supervision and is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Hung Quoc To , Nghi D. Q. Bui , Jin Guo , Tien N. Nguyen

The security of code generated by large language models (LLMs) is a significant concern, as studies indicate that such code often contains vulnerabilities and lacks essential defensive programming constructs. This work focuses on examining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Muhammad Usman Shahid , Chuadhry Mujeeb Ahmed , Rajiv Ranjan

Recently, deep learning techniques have garnered substantial attention for their ability to identify vulnerable code patterns accurately. However, current state-of-the-art deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Marwan Omar

Refactoring is a constant activity in software development and maintenance. Scale and maintain software systems are based on code refactoring. However, this process is still labor intensive, as it requires programmers to analyze the…

Search-based test generators are effective at producing unit tests with high coverage. However, such automatically generated tests have no meaningful test and variable names, making them hard to understand and interpret by developers. On…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Matteo Biagiola , Gianluca Ghislotti , Paolo Tonella

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a popular choice in vulnerability detection studies given their foundational capabilities, open source availability, and variety of models, but have limited scalability due to extensive compute…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Miles Farmer , Ekincan Ufuktepe , Anne Watson , Hialo Muniz Carvalho , Vadim Okun , Zineb Maasaoui , Kannappan Palaniappan

Data augmentation is an important component in the robustness evaluation of models in natural language processing (NLP) and in enhancing the diversity of the data they are trained on. In this paper, we present NL-Augmenter, a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Kaustubh D. Dhole , Varun Gangal , Sebastian Gehrmann , Aadesh Gupta , Zhenhao Li , Saad Mahamood , Abinaya Mahendiran , Simon Mille , Ashish Shrivastava , Samson Tan , Tongshuang Wu , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Jinho D. Choi , Eduard Hovy , Ondrej Dusek , Sebastian Ruder , Sajant Anand , Nagender Aneja , Rabin Banjade , Lisa Barthe , Hanna Behnke , Ian Berlot-Attwell , Connor Boyle , Caroline Brun , Marco Antonio Sobrevilla Cabezudo , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Emile Chapuis , Wanxiang Che , Mukund Choudhary , Christian Clauss , Pierre Colombo , Filip Cornell , Gautier Dagan , Mayukh Das , Tanay Dixit , Thomas Dopierre , Paul-Alexis Dray , Suchitra Dubey , Tatiana Ekeinhor , Marco Di Giovanni , Tanya Goyal , Rishabh Gupta , Rishabh Gupta , Louanes Hamla , Sang Han , Fabrice Harel-Canada , Antoine Honore , Ishan Jindal , Przemyslaw K. Joniak , Denis Kleyko , Venelin Kovatchev , Kalpesh Krishna , Ashutosh Kumar , Stefan Langer , Seungjae Ryan Lee , Corey James Levinson , Hualou Liang , Kaizhao Liang , Zhexiong Liu , Andrey Lukyanenko , Vukosi Marivate , Gerard de Melo , Simon Meoni , Maxime Meyer , Afnan Mir , Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Niklas Muennighoff , Timothy Sum Hon Mun , Kenton Murray , Marcin Namysl , Maria Obedkova , Priti Oli , Nivranshu Pasricha , Jan Pfister , Richard Plant , Vinay Prabhu , Vasile Pais , Libo Qin , Shahab Raji , Pawan Kumar Rajpoot , Vikas Raunak , Roy Rinberg , Nicolas Roberts , Juan Diego Rodriguez , Claude Roux , Vasconcellos P. H. S. , Ananya B. Sai , Robin M. Schmidt , Thomas Scialom , Tshephisho Sefara , Saqib N. Shamsi , Xudong Shen , Haoyue Shi , Yiwen Shi , Anna Shvets , Nick Siegel , Damien Sileo , Jamie Simon , Chandan Singh , Roman Sitelew , Priyank Soni , Taylor Sorensen , William Soto , Aman Srivastava , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Tony Sun , Mukund Varma T , A Tabassum , Fiona Anting Tan , Ryan Teehan , Mo Tiwari , Marie Tolkiehn , Athena Wang , Zijian Wang , Gloria Wang , Zijie J. Wang , Fuxuan Wei , Bryan Wilie , Genta Indra Winata , Xinyi Wu , Witold Wydmański , Tianbao Xie , Usama Yaseen , Michael A. Yee , Jing Zhang , Yue Zhang

Training and fine-tuning deep learning models, especially large language models (LLMs), on limited and imbalanced datasets poses substantial challenges. These issues often result in poor generalization, where models overfit to dominant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Ashok Choudhary , Cornelius Thiels , Hojjat Salehinejad

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation, where the natural language prompt plays a crucial role in conveying user intent to the model. However, prior studies have shown that LLMs are highly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Kerui Huang , Xiaohu Yang , David Lo , Xin Xia

The use of large language models (LLMs) for automated code generation has emerged as a significant focus within AI research. As these pretrained models continue to evolve, their ability to understand and generate complex code structures has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Nazmus Ashrafi , Salah Bouktif , Mohammed Mediani

Data augmentation (DA) is crucial to mitigate model training instability and over-fitting problems in low-resource open-domain dialogue generation. However, traditional DA methods often neglect semantic data diversity, restricting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Zhenhua Liu , Tong Zhu , Jianxiang Xiang , Wenliang Chen

Effective document reranking is essential for improving search relevance across diverse applications. While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at reranking due to their deep semantic understanding and reasoning, their high computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Dimitar Peshevski , Kiril Blazhevski , Martin Popovski , Gjorgji Madjarov

Code comments serve a crucial role in software development for documenting functionality, clarifying design choices, and assisting with issue tracking. They capture developers' insights about the surrounding source code, serving as an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Thomas Borsani , Andrea Rosani , Giuseppe Di Fatta

Large language models (LLMs) are widely adapted for downstream applications through fine-tuning, a process named customization. However, recent studies have identified a vulnerability during this process, where malicious samples can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Xiaoqun Liu , Jiacheng Liang , Luoxi Tang , Muchao Ye , Weicheng Ma , Zhaohan Xi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently attracted wide interest for tackling software engineering tasks. In contrast to code generation, refactoring demands precise, semantics-preserving edits that improve program structure, which also…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yisen Xu , Jinqiu Yang , Tse-Hsun , Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown outstanding breakthroughs in code generation. Recent work improves code LLMs by training on synthetic data generated by some powerful LLMs, which can be challenging to scale due to the dependence on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yunfan Shao , Linyang Li , Yichuan Ma , Peiji Li , Demin Song , Qinyuan Cheng , Shimin Li , Xiaonan Li , Pengyu Wang , Qipeng Guo , Hang Yan , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang , Dahua Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant challenges in detecting and repairing vulnerable code, particularly when dealing with vulnerabilities involving multiple aspects, such as variables, code flows, and code structures. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Arshiya Khan , Guannan Liu , Xing Gao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong code generation capabilities, yet the runtime performance of generated code is not guaranteed, and there have been few attempts to train LLMs using runtime performance as a reward in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ryo Mikasa , Shun-ichiro Hayashi , Daichi Mukunoki , Tetsuya Hoshino , Takahiro Katagiri

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on simple text classification tasks, frequently under zero-shot settings. However, their efficacy declines when tackling complex social media challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Elyas Meguellati , Assaad Zeghina , Shazia Sadiq , Gianluca Demartini