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As blockchain smart contracts become more widespread and carry more valuable digital assets, they become an increasingly attractive target for attackers. Over the past few years, smart contracts have been subject to a plethora of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Peng Qian , Hanjie Wu , Zeren Du , Turan Vural , Dazhong Rong , Zheng Cao , Lun Zhang , Yanbin Wang , Jianhai Chen , Qinming He

The rise of modern blockchains has facilitated the emergence of smart contracts: autonomous programs that live and run on the blockchain. Smart contracts have seen a rapid climb to prominence, with applications predicted in law, business,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Lexi Brent , Anton Jurisevic , Michael Kong , Eric Liu , Francois Gauthier , Vincent Gramoli , Ralph Holz , Bernhard Scholz

Smart contracts are automated or self-enforcing contracts that can be used to exchange assets without having to place trust in third parties. Many commercial transactions use smart contracts due to their potential benefits in terms of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Xiao Liang Yu , Omar Al-Bataineh , David Lo , Abhik Roychoudhury

Blockchain and smart contract technology are novel approaches to data and code management that facilitate trusted computing by allowing for development in a distributed and decentralized manner. Testing smart contracts comes with its own…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Stefan Driessen , Dario Di Nucci , Geert Monsieur , Damian A. Tamburri , Willem-Jan van den Heuvel

Compiler correctness is an old problem, but with the emergence of smart contracts on blockchains that problem presents itself in a new light. Smart contracts are self-contained pieces of software that control assets, which are often of high…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Jacco O. G. Krijnen , Manuel M. T. Chakravarty , Gabriele Keller , Wouter Swierstra

Blockchain technology has revolutionized contractual processes, enhancing efficiency and trust through smart contracts. Ethereum, as a pioneer in this domain, offers a platform for decentralized applications but is challenged by the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Tahrim Hossain , Sakib Hassan , Faisal Haque Bappy , Muhammad Nur Yanhaona , Sarker Ahmed Rumee , Moinul Zaber , Tariqul Islam

Smart contracts play a central role in blockchain systems by encoding financial and operational logic. Still, their susceptibility to subtle security flaws poses significant risks of financial loss and erosion of trust. LLMs create new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Eduardo Sardenberg , Antonio José Grandson Busson , Daniel de Sousa Moraes , Julio Cesar Duarte , Sérgio Colcher

As blockchain technology continues to evolve and mature, smart contracts have become a key driving force behind the digitization and automation of transactions. Smart contracts greatly simplify and refine the traditional business…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Lantian Li , Yejian Liang , Zhongxing Yu

Smart contracts written in Solidity are programs used in blockchain networks, such as Etherium, for performing transactions. However, as with any piece of software, they are prone to errors and may present vulnerabilities, which malicious…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Kunjian Song , Nedas Matulevicius , Eddie B. de Lima Filho , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Although almost all information about Smart Contract addresses is shared via websites, emails, or other forms of digital communication, Blockchains and distributed ledger technology are unable to establish secure bindings between websites…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Ulrich Gallersdörfer , Florian Matthes

Knowledge-based systems reason over some knowledge base. Hence, an important issue for such systems is how to acquire the knowledge needed for their inference. This paper assesses active learning methods for acquiring knowledge for "static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Xueqi Yang , Zhe Yu , Junjie Wang , Tim Menzies

Blockchain recently became very popular due to its use in cryptocurrencies and potential application in various domains (e.g., retail, healthcare, insurance). The smart contract is a key part of blockchain systems and specifies an agreement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Fernando Richter Vidal , Naghmeh Ivaki , Nuno Laranjeiro

The proxy design pattern allows Ethereum smart contracts to be simultaneously immutable and upgradeable, in which an original contract is split into a proxy contract containing the data storage and a logic contract containing the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Cheng-Kang Chen , Wen-Yi Chu , Muoi Tran , Laurent Vanbever , Hsu-Chun Hsiao

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. The Selfdestruct function is the only way to destroy a contract on the blockchain system and transfer all the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Jiachi Chen

When blockchain systems are said to be trustless, what this really means is that all the trust is put into software. Thus, there are strong incentives to ensure blockchain software is correct -- vulnerabilities here cost millions and break…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Ivan Gavran , Gabriela Moreira , Daniel Neider

Ethereum smart contracts are an innovation built on top of the blockchain technology, which provides a platform for automatically executing contracts in an anonymous, distributed, and trusted way. The problem is magnified by the fact that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Jialiang Chang , Bo Gao , Hao Xiao , Jun Sun , Yan Cai , Zijiang Yang

The widespread lack of broad source code verification on blockchain explorers such as Etherscan, where despite 78,047,845 smart contracts deployed on Ethereum (as of May 26, 2025), a mere 767,520 (< 1%) are open source, presents a severe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Dawn Song , Arthur Gervais , Kaihua Qin

Decentralized cryptocurrencies feature the use of blockchain to transfer values among peers on networks without central agency. Smart contracts are programs running on top of the blockchain consensus protocol to enable people make…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Bo Jiang , Ye Liu , W. K. Chan

The growth of the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem built on blockchain technology and smart contracts has led to an increased demand for secure and reliable smart contract development. However, attacks targeting smart contracts are…

Smart contracts are software programs that enable diverse business activities on the blockchain. Recent research has identified new classes of "machine un-auditable" bugs that arise from both transactional contexts and source code. Existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Sally Junsong Wang , Kexin Pei , Junfeng Yang