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We introduce a scaling law for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) under fixed compute budgets that explicitly accounts for data composition. Conventional approaches measure training data solely by total tokens, yet the number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Ryan Lagasse , Aidan Kierans , Avijit Ghosh , Shiri Dori-Hacohen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in code generation. However, due to the long-tail distribution of LLMs' training data, low-frequency terms are typically underrepresented in the training process.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Lishui Fan , Mouxiang Chen , Zhongxin Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential to enhance software development through automated code generation and refactoring, reducing development time and improving code quality. This study empirically evaluates StarCoder2, an LLM…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jonathan Cordeiro , Shayan Noei , Ying Zou

Tokenization is an understudied and often neglected component of modern LLMs. Most published works use a single tokenizer for all experiments, often borrowed from another model, without performing ablations or analysis to optimize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Gautier Dagan , Gabriel Synnaeve , Baptiste Rozière

There is a growing concern about the environmental impact of large language models (LLMs) in software development, particularly due to their high energy use and carbon footprint. Small Language Models (SLMs) offer a more sustainable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Shadikur Rahman , Zeeshan Sattar

Reasoning LLMs often spend substantial tokens on long intermediate reasoning traces (e.g., chain-of-thought) when solving new problems. We propose to summarize and store reusable reasoning skills distilled from extensive deliberation and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Guangxiang Zhao , Qilong Shi , Xusen Xiao , Xiangzheng Zhang , Tong Yang , Lin Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have recently attracted considerable interest for their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, such as chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, most of the existing approaches to enhance this ability rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Xinyi Wang , Lucas Caccia , Oleksiy Ostapenko , Xingdi Yuan , William Yang Wang , Alessandro Sordoni

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently made significant advances in code generation through the 'Chain-of-Thought' prompting technique. This technique empowers the model to autonomously devise "solution plans" to tackle intricate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhihong Sun , Chen Lyu , Bolun Li , Yao Wan , Hongyu Zhang , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionised the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and have achieved state-of-the-art performance in practically every task in this field. However, the prevalent approach used in text generation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Nicolo Micheletti , Samuel Belkadi , Lifeng Han , Goran Nenadic

Large language models (LLMs) empowered by chain-of-thought reasoning have achieved impressive accuracy on complex tasks but suffer from excessive inference costs and latency when applied uniformly to all problems. We propose SABER…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Kai Zhao , Yanjun Zhao , Jiaming Song , Shien He , Lusheng Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Tianjiao Li

Generative AI and LLMs in particular are heavily used nowadays for various document processing tasks such as question answering and summarization. However, different LLMs come with different capabilities for different tasks as well as with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Shivanshu Shekhar , Tanishq Dubey , Koyel Mukherjee , Apoorv Saxena , Atharv Tyagi , Nishanth Kotla

Statistical language modeling techniques have successfully been applied to source code, yielding a variety of new software development tools, such as tools for code suggestion and improving readability. A major issue with these techniques…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Rafael-Michael Karampatsis , Charles Sutton

Open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) and their specialized variants, particularly Code LLMs, have recently delivered impressive performance. However, previous Code LLMs are typically fine-tuned on single-source data with limited quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zifan Song , Yudong Wang , Wenwei Zhang , Kuikun Liu , Chengqi Lyu , Demin Song , Qipeng Guo , Hang Yan , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen , Cairong Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising efficacy across various tasks, becoming powerful tools in numerous aspects of human life. However, Transformer-based LLMs suffer a performance degradation when modeling long-term contexts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Weiyao Luo , Suncong Zheng , Heming Xia , Weikang Wang , Yan Lei , Tianyu Liu , Shuang Chen , Zhifang Sui

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various tasks, yet code generation remains a major challenge. Current approaches for obtaining high-quality code data primarily focus on (i) collecting large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yichuan Ma , Yunfan Shao , Peiji Li , Demin Song , Qipeng Guo , Linyang Li , Xipeng Qiu , Kai Chen

Context: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in modern software development, aiding in code generation, code completion, and refactoring through AI-powered assistants. While they accelerate development workflows, they often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Lola Solovyeva , Fernando Castor

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in code generation recently, offering programmers revolutionary assistance in software development. However, due to the auto-regressive nature of LLMs, they are susceptible…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Yongding Tao , Huanyu Liu , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao , Ge Li

The recent advancements of Small Language Models (SLMs) have opened new possibilities for efficient code generation. SLMs offer lightweight and cost-effective alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), making them attractive for use in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Mahade Hasan , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Juha Ala-Rantala , Pekka Abrahamsson

Effective training of today's large language models (LLMs) depends on large batches and long sequences for throughput and accuracy. To handle variable-length sequences on hardware accelerators, it is common practice to introduce padding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Mario Michael Krell , Matej Kosec , Sergio P. Perez , Andrew Fitzgibbon

Ensembling various LLMs to unlock their complementary potential and leverage their individual strengths is highly valuable. Previous studies typically focus on two main paradigms: sample-level and token-level ensembles. Sample-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Yangyifan Xu , Jianghao Chen , Junhong Wu , Jiajun Zhang