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Video Coding for Machines (VCM) is committed to bridging to an extent separate research tracks of video/image compression and feature compression, and attempts to optimize compactness and efficiency jointly from a unified perspective of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Wenhan Yang , Haofeng Huang , Yueyu Hu , Ling-Yu Duan , Jiaying Liu

We introduce a practical real-time neural video codec (NVC) designed to deliver high compression ratio, low latency and broad versatility. In practice, the coding speed of NVCs depends on 1) computational costs, and 2) non-computational…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-19 Zhaoyang Jia , Bin Li , Jiahao Li , Wenxuan Xie , Linfeng Qi , Houqiang Li , Yan Lu

The Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard significantly improves compression efficiency over its predecessor, HEVC, but at the cost of substantially higher computational complexity, particularly in intra-frame prediction. This stage employs…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Lucas M. Leipnitz de Fraga , Cláudio Machado Diniz

While the next generation video compression standard, Versatile Video Coding (VVC), provides a superior compression efficiency, its computational complexity dramatically increases. This paper thoroughly analyzes this complexity for both…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Farhad Pakdaman , Mohammad Ali Adelimanesh , Moncef Gabbouj , Mahmoud Reza Hashemi

There has been a growing trend in compressing and transmitting videos from terminals for machine vision tasks. Nevertheless, most video coding optimization method focus on minimizing distortion according to human perceptual metrics,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Fei Zhao , Mengxi Guo , Shijie Zhao , Junlin Li , Li Zhang , Xiaodong Xie

Deep learning has shown great potential in image and video compression tasks. However, it brings bit savings at the cost of significant increases in coding complexity, which limits its potential for implementation within practical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-28 Luka Murn , Saverio Blasi , Alan F. Smeaton , Noel E. O'Connor , Marta Mrak

Nowadays, more and more video transmissions primarily aim at downstream machine vision tasks rather than humans. While widely deployed Human Visual System (HVS) oriented video coding standards like H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC are efficient,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Yuxiao Sun , Yao Zhao , Meiqin Liu , Chao Yao , Huihui Bai , Chunyu Lin , Weisi Lin

The Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard, introduced in 2020, offers 40-50% bitrate savings for equivalent visual quality of reconstructed videos over its predecessor, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), at the cost of significantly…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 M. E. A. Kherchouche , F. Galpin , T. Dumas , L. Zhang , D. Menard

Optimized for pixel fidelity metrics, images compressed by existing image codec are facing systematic challenges when used for visual analysis tasks, especially under low-bitrate coding. This paper proposes a visual analysis-motivated…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-22 Zhimeng Huang , Chuanmin Jia , Shanshe Wang , Siwei Ma

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) has doubled the video compression ratio with equivalent subjective quality as compared to its predecessor H.264/AVC. The significant coding efficiency improvement is attributed to many new techniques.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-04 Yongfei Zhang , Chao Zhang , Rui Fan , Siwei Ma , Zhibo Chen , C. -C. Jay Kuo

The Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard has been finalized by Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) in 2020. Compared to the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, VVC offers about 50% compression efficiency gain, in terms of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-19 Yiqun Liu , Mohsen Abdoli , Thomas Guionnet , Christine Guillemot , Aline Roumy

While learned video codecs have demonstrated great promise, they have yet to achieve sufficient efficiency for practical deployment. In this work, we propose several novel ideas for learned video compression which allow for improved…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-06 Oren Rippel , Alexander G. Anderson , Kedar Tatwawadi , Sanjay Nair , Craig Lytle , Lubomir Bourdev

This paper proposes a method that enhances the compression performance of the current model under development for the upcoming MPEG standard on Feature Coding for Machines (FCM). This standard aims at providing inter-operable compressed…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-15 Juan Merlos , Fabien Racapé , Hyomin Choi , Mateen Ulhaq , Hari Kalva

With the growing data consumption of emerging video applications and users requirement for higher resolutions, up to 8K, a huge effort has been made in video compression technologies. Recently, versatile video coding (VVC) has been…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-21 Charles Bonnineau , Wassim Hamidouche , Jerome Fournier , Naty Sidaty , Jean-Francois Travers , Olivier Deforges

Training neural video codec (NVC) with variable rate is a highly challenging task due to its complex training strategies and model structure. In this paper, we train an efficient variable bitrate neural video codec (EV-NVC) with the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yongcun Hu , Yingzhen Zhai , Jixiang Luo , Wenrui Dai , Dell Zhang , Hongkai Xiong , Xuelong Li

The design of video encoders involves the implementation of fast mode decision (FMD) algorithm to reduce computation complexity while maintaining the performance of the coding. Although H.264/scalable video coding (SVC) achieves high…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-09-23 L. Balaji , K. K. Thyagharajan

With advances in image recognition technology based on deep learning, automatic video analysis by Artificial Intelligence is becoming more widespread. As the amount of video used for image recognition increases, efficient compression…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Takahiro Shindo , Taiju Watanabe , Kein Yamada , Hiroshi Watanabe

Video Coding for Machines (VCM) aims to compress visual signals for machine analysis. However, existing methods only consider a few machines, neglecting the majority. Moreover, the machine's perceptual characteristics are not leveraged…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Qi Zhang , Shanshe Wang , Xinfeng Zhang , Chuanmin Jia , Zhao Wang , Siwei Ma , Wen Gao

Compression for machines is an emerging field, where inputs are encoded while optimizing the performance of downstream automated analysis. In scalable coding for humans and machines, the compressed representation used for machines is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-19 Alon Harell , Yalda Foroutan , Ivan V. Bajic

This paper investigates the efficacy of jointly optimizing content-specific post-processing filters to adapt a human oriented video/image codec into a codec suitable for machine vision tasks. By observing that artifacts produced by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Honglei Zhang , Jukka I. Ahonen , Nam Le , Ruiying Yang , Francesco Cricri