English
Related papers

Related papers: Unveiling Latent Knowledge in Chemistry Language M…

200 papers

Previous work has showcased the intriguing capability of large language models (LLMs) in retrieving facts and processing context knowledge. However, only limited research exists on the layer-wise capability of LLMs to encode knowledge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Tianjie Ju , Weiwei Sun , Wei Du , Xinwei Yuan , Zhaochun Ren , Gongshen Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are beginning to reshape how chemists plan and run reactions in organic synthesis. Trained on millions of reported transformations, these text-based models can propose synthetic routes, forecast reaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Kartar Kumar Lohana Tharwani , Rajesh Kumar , Sumita , Numan Ahmed , Yong Tang

Providing explainable molecular property predictions is critical for many scientific domains, such as drug discovery and material science. Though transformer-based language models have shown great potential in accurate molecular property…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenzhong Wang , Zehui Lin , Wanyu Lin , Ming Yang , Minggang Zeng , Kay Chen Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in the fields of mechanical engineering and materials science. As models that establish connections through the interface of language, LLMs can be applied for step-wise reasoning through…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Adrian Ehrenhofer , Thomas Wallmersperger , Gianaurelio Cuniberti

The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have expanded beyond natural language processing to scientific prediction tasks, including molecular property prediction. However, their effectiveness in in-context learning remains…

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as a popular tool for interpreting the hidden states of large language models (LLMs). By learning to reconstruct activations from a sparse bottleneck layer, SAEs discover interpretable features from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Matthew Lyle Olson , Musashi Hinck , Neale Ratzlaff , Changbai Li , Phillip Howard , Vasudev Lal , Shao-Yen Tseng

Molecular property prediction is a crucial foundation for drug discovery. In recent years, pre-trained deep learning models have been widely applied to this task. Some approaches that incorporate prior biological domain knowledge into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Tianyu Zhang , Yuxiang Ren , Chengbin Hou , Hairong Lv , Xuegong Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) frequently encode factual and reasoning knowledge in their internal representations that is not faithfully reflected in their surface-level outputs -- a phenomenon known as \emph{latent knowledge}. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ji-jun Park , Soo-joon Choi , Jiwon Jeong , Taeyang Yoon , Ju-Wan Lee

Mechanistic interpretability of large language models (LLMs) aims to uncover the internal processes of information propagation and reasoning. Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have demonstrated promise in this domain by extracting interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Wei Shi , Sihang Li , Tao Liang , Mingyang Wan , Guojun Ma , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to accelerate small molecule drug design due to their ability to reason about information from diverse sources and formats. However, their practical utility remains unclear due to the lack of…

Large language models possess strong chemical reasoning capabilities, making them effective molecular editors. However, property-relevant information is implicitly entangled across their dense hidden states, providing no explicit handle for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Mingxu Zhang , Yuhan Li , Lujundong Li , Dazhong Shen , Hui Xiong , Ying Sun

This survey paper delves into the emerging and critical area of symbolic knowledge distillation in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs like Generative Pre-trained Transformer-3 (GPT-3) and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Kamal Acharya , Alvaro Velasquez , Houbing Herbert Song

Understanding the latent space geometry of large language models (LLMs) is key to interpreting their behavior and improving alignment. Yet it remains unclear to what extent LLMs linearly organize representations related to semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Baturay Saglam , Paul Kassianik , Blaine Nelson , Sajana Weerawardhena , Yaron Singer , Amin Karbasi

While automated chemical tools excel at specific tasks, they have struggled to capture the strategic thinking that characterizes expert chemical reasoning. Here we demonstrate that large language models (LLMs) can serve as powerful tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Andres M Bran , Theo A Neukomm , Daniel P Armstrong , Zlatko Jončev , Philippe Schwaller

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized as powerful tools for scientific discovery, particularly in molecular science. A fundamental requirement for these models is the ability to accurately understand molecular structures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yunhui Jang , Jaehyung Kim , Sungsoo Ahn

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated rapid progress across a wide array of domains. Owing to the very large number of parameters and training data in LLMs, these models inherently encompass an expansive and comprehensive materials…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-11-20 Siyu Liu , Tongqi Wen , A. S. L. Subrahmanyam Pattamatta , David J. Srolovitz

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess strong representation and reasoning capabilities, but their application to structure-based drug design (SBDD) is limited by insufficient understanding of protein structures and unpredictable molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xuanning Hu , Anchen Li , Qianli Xing , Jinglong Ji , Hao Tuo , Bo Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success and have been applied across various scientific fields, including chemistry. However, many chemical tasks require the processing of visual information, which cannot be…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have reshaped our world with significant advancements in science, engineering, and society through applications ranging from scientific discoveries and medical diagnostics to Chatbots. Despite their ubiquity and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Kushal Raj Bhandari , Pin-Yu Chen , Jianxi Gao

Large language models (LLMs) are introducing a paradigm shift in molecular discovery by enabling text-guided interaction with chemical spaces through natural language, symbolic notations, with emerging extensions to incorporate multi-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Ziqing Wang , Kexin Zhang , Zihan Zhao , Yibo Wen , Abhishek Pandey , Han Liu , Kaize Ding