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The training of artificial neural networks is heavily dependent on the careful selection of an appropriate loss function. While commonly used loss functions, such as cross-entropy and mean squared error (MSE), generally suffice for a broad…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Altun Shukurlu

Educational Question Generation (EQG) aims to synthesize customized exercise questions that enhance student learning. An effective EQG system should ideally personalize questions for each student by modeling the student's knowledge state…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Lu Ding , Q. Vera Liao , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang , Yang Zhang

Recently, knowledge tracing models have been applied in educational data mining such as the Self-attention knowledge tracing model(SAKT), which models the relationship between exercises and Knowledge concepts(Kcs). However, relation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Linqing Li , Zhifeng Wang

Recently, large-scale pre-trained models have shown their advantages in many tasks. However, due to the huge computational complexity and storage requirements, it is challenging to apply the large-scale model to real scenes. A common…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Deng Li , Aming Wu , Yahong Han , Qi Tian

Knowledge distillation refers to the process of training a compact student network to achieve better accuracy by learning from a high capacity teacher network. Most of the existing knowledge distillation methods direct the student to follow…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Himalaya Jain , Spyros Gidaris , Nikos Komodakis , Patrick Pérez , Matthieu Cord

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model a student's learning trajectory and predict performance on the next question. A key challenge is how to better represent the relationships among students, questions, and knowledge concepts (KCs).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Chi Yu , Hongyu Yuan , Zhiyi Duan

The integration of AI in education offers significant potential to enhance learning efficiency. Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Llama, allow students to query a wide range of topics, providing unprecedented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zhaoxing Li , Vahid Yazdanpanah , Jindi Wang , Wen Gu , Lei Shi , Alexandra I. Cristea , Sarah Kiden , Sebastian Stein

Knowledge tracing is one of the key research areas for empowering personalized education. It is a task to model students' mastery level of a knowledge component (KC) based on their historical learning trajectories. In recent years, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Chun-Kit Yeung , Dit-Yan Yeung

In order for large language model (LLM)-based assistants to effectively adapt to evolving information needs, it must be possible to update their factual knowledge through continued training on new data. The standard recipe for doing so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zhengbao Jiang , Zhiqing Sun , Weijia Shi , Pedro Rodriguez , Chunting Zhou , Graham Neubig , Xi Victoria Lin , Wen-tau Yih , Srinivasan Iyer

Domain experts should provide relevant domain knowledge to an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) so that it can guide a learner during problemsolving learning activities. However, for many ill-defined domains, the domain knowledge is hard to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-01-30 P. Fournier-Viger , R. Nkambou , E. Mephu Nguifo

Fine-tuning large language models is becoming ever more impractical due to their rapidly-growing scale. This motivates the use of parameter-efficient adaptation methods such as prompt tuning (PT), which adds a small number of tunable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Simeng Sun , Yang Liu , Dan Iter , Chenguang Zhu , Mohit Iyyer

Interactive Educational Systems (IES) enabled researchers to trace student knowledge in different skills and provide recommendations for a better learning path. To estimate the student knowledge and further predict their future performance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Varun Mandalapu , Jiaqi Gong , Lujie Chen

This paper presents novel techniques for enhancing the performance of knowledge tracing (KT) models by focusing on the crucial factor of question and concept difficulty level. Despite the acknowledged significance of difficulty, previous KT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Unggi Lee , Sungjun Yoon , Joon Seo Yun , Kyoungsoo Park , YoungHoon Jung , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

In theoretical cognitive science, there is a tension between highly structured models whose parameters have a direct psychological interpretation and highly complex, general-purpose models whose parameters and representations are difficult…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Mohammad Khajah , Robert V. Lindsey , Michael C. Mozer

Knowledge graphs (KGs) contain rich information about world knowledge, entities and relations. Thus, they can be great supplements to existing pre-trained language models. However, it remains a challenge to efficiently integrate information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Donghan Yu , Chenguang Zhu , Yiming Yang , Michael Zeng

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a field of study that predicts the future performance of students based on prior performance datasets collected from educational applications such as intelligent tutoring systems, learning management systems, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Unggi Lee , Yonghyun Park , Yujin Kim , Seongyune Choi , Hyeoncheol Kim

With the continuous deepening and development of the concept of smart education, learners' comprehensive development and individual needs have received increasing attention. However, traditional educational evaluation systems tend to assess…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Zhifeng Wang , Jiaqin Wan , Yang Yang , Chunyan Zeng , Jialiang Shen

The remarkable performance gains realized by large pretrained models, e.g., GPT-3, hinge on the massive amounts of data they are exposed to during training. Analogously, distilling such large models to compact models for efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Manzil Zaheer , Ankit Singh Rawat , Seungyeon Kim , Chong You , Himanshu Jain , Andreas Veit , Rob Fergus , Sanjiv Kumar

The ICAP framework defines four cognitive engagement levels: Passive, Active, Constructive, and Interactive, where increased cognitive engagement can yield improved learning. However, personalizing learning activities that elicit the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sutapa Dey Tithi , Nazia Alam , Tahreem Yasir , Yang Shi , Xiaoyi Tian , Min Chi , Tiffany Barnes

This paper introduces ES-KT-24, a novel multimodal Knowledge Tracing (KT) dataset for intelligent tutoring systems in educational game contexts. Although KT is crucial in adaptive learning, existing datasets often lack game-based and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Dohee Kim , Unggi Lee , Sookbun Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Taekyung Ahn , Jaekwon Park , Gunho Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim