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Reinforcement Learning is proving a successful tool that can manage urban intersections with a fraction of the effort required to curate traditional traffic controllers. However, literature on the introduction and control of pedestrians to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Alvaro Cabrejas-Egea , Colm Connaughton

Traffic congestion in metropolitan areas is a world-wide problem that can be ameliorated by traffic lights that respond dynamically to real-time conditions. Recent studies applying deep reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize single traffic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Zhi Zhang , Jiachen Yang , Hongyuan Zha

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs) are safety-critical, as real-world safety violations can result in significant losses. Rigorous testing is essential before deployment, with simulation testing playing a key role. However, ADSs are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Linfeng Liang , Xi Zheng

Automated driving at unsignalized intersections is challenging due to complex multi-vehicle interactions and the need to balance safety and efficiency. Model Predictive Control (MPC) offers structured constraint handling through…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Saeed Rahmani , Gözde Körpe , Zhenlin , Xu , Bruno Brito , Simeon Craig Calvert , Bart van Arem

Reinforcement learning (RL) emerges as a promising data-driven approach for adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) in complex urban traffic networks, with deep neural networks substantially augmenting its learning capabilities. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuli Zhang , Shangbo Wang , Dongyao Jia , Pengfei Fan , Ruiyuan Jiang , Hankang Gu , Andy H. F. Chow

Ramp metering, a traditional traffic control strategy for conventional vehicles, has been widely deployed around the world since the 1960s. On the other hand, the last decade has witnessed significant advances in connected and automated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-05 Zhouqiao Zhao , Ziran Wang , Guoyuan Wu , Fei Ye , Matthew J. Barth

Traffic signal control has a great impact on alleviating traffic congestion in modern cities. Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely used for this task in recent years, demonstrating promising performance but also facing many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Liwen Zhu , Peixi Peng , Zongqing Lu , Yonghong Tian

Connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) must simultaneously perform multiple tasks, such as object detection, semantic segmentation, depth estimation, trajectory prediction, motion prediction, and behaviour prediction, to ensure safe and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiayuan Wang , Farhad Pourpanah , Q. M. Jonathan Wu , Ning Zhang

Adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) is crucial in alleviating congestion, maximizing throughput and promoting sustainable mobility in ever-expanding cities. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has recently shown significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yifeng Zhang , Harsh Goel , Peizhuo Li , Mehul Damani , Sandeep Chinchali , Guillaume Sartoretti

Decision making in dense traffic can be challenging for autonomous vehicles. An autonomous system only relying on predefined road priorities and considering other drivers as moving objects will cause the vehicle to freeze and fail the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Maxime Bouton , Alireza Nakhaei , Kikuo Fujimura , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) aims to optimize traffic flow and minimize delays by adjusting traffic lights in real time. Recent advances in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have shown promise for ATSC, yet existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yifeng Zhang , Peizhuo Li , Tingguang Zhou , Mingfeng Fan , Guillaume Sartoretti

Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) excel at accomplishing complex objectives through the collaborative efforts of individual agents. Among the methodologies employed in MAS, Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) stands out as one of the most…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Chenhao Yao , Zike Yuan , Xiaoxu Liu , Chi Zhu

The exploration-exploitation trade-off constitutes one of the fundamental challenges in reinforcement learning (RL), which is exacerbated in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) due to the exponential growth of joint state-action…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ye Han , Lijun Zhang , Dejian Meng , Zhuang Zhang

In this letter, we present an approach for learning human driving behavior, without relying on specific model structures or prior distributions, in a mixed-traffic environment where connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) coexist with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-12 Heeseung Bang , Aditya Dave , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

Traffic safety remains a critical global challenge, with traditional Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) often struggling in dynamic real-world scenarios due to fragmented sensor processing and susceptibility to adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Mohammad Abu Tami , Mohammed Elhenawy , Huthaifa I. Ashqar

Traffic congestion in dense urban centers presents an economical and environmental burden. In recent years, the availability of vehicle-to-anything communication allows for the transmission of detailed vehicle states to the infrastructure…

The integration of autonomous vehicles into urban traffic has great potential to improve efficiency by reducing congestion and optimizing traffic flow systematically. In this paper, we introduce CoMAL (Collaborative Multi-Agent LLMs), a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Huaiyuan Yao , Longchao Da , Vishnu Nandam , Justin Turnau , Zhiwei Liu , Linsey Pang , Hua Wei

Interactions between road users are both highly non-linear and profoundly complex, and there is no reason to expect that interactions between autonomous vehicles will be any different. Given the recent rapid development of autonomous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Matthew Le Maitre , Amanda Prorok

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Advanced Driving Systems (ADS) are key to improving road safety, yet most existing implementations focus primarily on the vehicle ahead, neglecting the behavior of following vehicles. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Dianwei Chen , Yaobang Gong , Xianfeng Yang

Most reinforcement learning (RL) approaches for the decision-making of autonomous driving consider safety as a reward instead of a cost, which makes it hard to balance the tradeoff between safety and other objectives. Human risk preference…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yang Li , Shijie Yuan , Yuan Chang , Xiaolong Chen , Qisong Yang , Zhiyuan Yang , Hongmao Qin