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Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) search has become fundamental to modern AI infrastructure, powering recommendation systems, search engines, and large language models across industry leaders from Google to OpenAI. Hierarchical Navigable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Ganap Ashit Tewary , Nrusinga Charan Gantayat , Jeff Zhang

Vector search systems, pivotal in AI applications, often rely on the Hierarchical Navigable Small Worlds (HNSW) algorithm. However, the behaviour of HNSW under real-world scenarios using vectors generated with deep learning models remains…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Owen Pendrigh Elliott , Jesse Clark

Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search is a fundamental problem in computer science for which in-memory graph-based methods, such as Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW), perform exceptionally well. To scale beyond billions of…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Manuel Widmoser , Daniel Kocher , Nikolaus Augsten

Modern retrieval systems increasingly require integrating approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) with complex attribute filtering to handle hybrid queries in applications such as recommendation systems and retrieval-augmented generation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Junjie Song , Yu Liu , Guoyu Hu , Zhongle Xie , Ming Yang , Beng Chin Ooi , Ke Zhou

Driven by recent breakthrough advances in neural representation learning, approximate near-neighbor (ANN) search over vector embeddings has emerged as a critical computational workload. With the introduction of the seminal Hierarchical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Blaise Munyampirwa , Vihan Lakshman , Benjamin Coleman

Approximate nearest neighbour (ANN) search has become a central task in modern data-intensive applications, particularly when operating on large, heterogeneous, or high-dimensional datasets. However, many existing ANN methods struggle in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Elena Garcia-Morato , Maria Jesus Algar , Cesar Alfaro , Felipe Ortega , Javier Gomez , Javier M. Moguerza

Modern deep learning models capture the semantics of complex data by transforming them into high-dimensional embedding vectors. Emerging applications, such as retrieval-augmented generation, use approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search in…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Guoyu Hu , Shaofeng Cai , Tien Tuan Anh Dinh , Zhongle Xie , Cong Yue , Gang Chen , Beng Chin Ooi

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is essential for various data-intensive applications, including recommendation systems, image retrieval, and machine learning. Scaling ANNS to handle billions of high-dimensional vectors on a…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Qian Xu , Feng Zhang , Chengxi Li , Lei Cao , Zheng Chen , Jidong Zhai , Xiaoyong Du

In embedding-based retrieval, Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) search enables efficient retrieval of similar items from large-scale datasets. While maximizing recall of relevant items is usually the goal of retrieval systems, a low…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Nicholas Rossi , Juexin Lin , Feng Liu , Zhen Yang , Tony Lee , Alessandro Magnani , Ciya Liao

Hardware-aware Neural Architecture Search (HW-NAS) is a technique used to automatically design the architecture of a neural network for a specific task and target hardware. However, evaluating the performance of candidate architectures is a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Nilotpal Sinha , Abd El Rahman Shabayek , Anis Kacem , Peyman Rostami , Carl Shneider , Djamila Aouada

State-of-the-art algorithms for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) such as DiskANN, FAISS-IVF, and HNSW build data dependent indices that offer substantially better accuracy and search efficiency over data-agnostic indices by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Shikhar Jaiswal , Ravishankar Krishnaswamy , Ankit Garg , Harsha Vardhan Simhadri , Sheshansh Agrawal

The in-memory approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) algorithms have achieved great success for fast high-recall query processing, but are extremely inefficient when handling hybrid queries with unstructured (i.e., feature vectors) and…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Wei Wu , Junlin He , Yu Qiao , Guoheng Fu , Li Liu , Jin Yu

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) is a crucial operation in databases and artificial intelligence. While graph-based ANNS methods like HNSW and NSG excel in performance, they assume uniform query distribution. However, in…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yifan Zhu , Ruijie Zhao , Zhonggen Li , Baihua Zheng , Zhikun Zhang , Zhaoqiang Chen , Congcong Ge

High-dimensional similarity search underpins modern retrieval systems, yet uniform search strategies fail to exploit the heterogeneous nature of real-world query distributions. We present an adaptive prefiltering framework that leverages…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Teodor-Ioan Calin

We present a new approach for the approximate K-nearest neighbor search based on navigable small world graphs with controllable hierarchy (Hierarchical NSW, HNSW). The proposed solution is fully graph-based, without any need for additional…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-08-16 Yu. A. Malkov , D. A. Yashunin

Efficient vector query processing is critical to enable AI applications at scale. Recent solutions struggle with growing vector datasets that exceed single-machine memory capacity, forcing unnecessary data movement and resource…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yi Liu , Fei Fang , Chen Qian

Approximate k-Nearest Neighbour (ANN) methods are often used for mining information and aiding machine learning on large scale high-dimensional datasets. ANN methods typically differ in the index structure used for accelerating searches,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ben Harwood , Amir Dezfouli , Iadine Chades , Conrad Sanderson

ANNS for embedded vector representations of texts is commonly used in information retrieval, with two important information representations being sparse and dense vectors. While it has been shown that combining these representations…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haoyu Zhang , Jun Liu , Zhenhua Zhu , Shulin Zeng , Maojia Sheng , Tao Yang , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang

Approximate Nearest Neighbour (ANN) search is a fundamental problem in information retrieval, underpinning large-scale applications in computer vision, natural language processing, and cross-modal search. Hashing-based methods provide an…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Sean Moran

Multi-Vector Similarity Search is essential for fine-grained semantic retrieval in many real-world applications, offering richer representations than traditional single-vector paradigms. Due to the lack of native multi-vector index,…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Binhan Yang , Yuxiang Zeng , Hengxin Zhang , Zhuanglin Zheng , Yunzhen Chi , Yongxin Tong , Ke Xu
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