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In this paper we introduce learnable lattice vector quantization and demonstrate its effectiveness for learning discrete representations. Our method, termed LL-VQ-VAE, replaces the vector quantization layer in VQ-VAE with lattice-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Ahmed Khalil , Robert Piechocki , Raul Santos-Rodriguez

Visual tokenizers are pivotal in multimodal large models, acting as bridges between continuous inputs and discrete tokens. Nevertheless, training high-compression-rate VQ-VAEs remains computationally demanding, often necessitating thousands…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Borui Zhang , Qihang Rao , Wenzhao Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a well-known technique in deep learning for extracting informative discrete latent representations. VQ-embedded models have shown impressive results in a range of applications including image and speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Tanmay Gautam , Reid Pryzant , Ziyi Yang , Chenguang Zhu , Somayeh Sojoudi

In recent years, neural network based methods have been proposed as a method that cangenerate representations from music, but they are not human readable and hardly analyzable oreditable by a human. To address this issue, we propose a novel…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-29 Jinsung Kim , Yeong-Seok Jeong , Woosung Choi , Jaehwa Chung , Soonyoung Jung

Effective image tokenization is crucial for both multi-modal understanding and generation tasks due to the necessity of the alignment with discrete text data. To this end, existing approaches utilize vector quantization (VQ) to project…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jiajun Dong , Chengkun Wang , Wenzhao Zheng , Lei Chen , Jiwen Lu , Yansong Tang

Although variational autoencoders (VAEs) represent a widely influential deep generative model, many aspects of the underlying energy function remain poorly understood. In particular, it is commonly believed that Gaussian encoder/decoder…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Bin Dai , David Wipf

Learning deep discrete latent presentations offers a promise of better symbolic and summarized abstractions that are more useful to subsequent downstream tasks. Inspired by the seminal Vector Quantized Variational Auto-Encoder (VQ-VAE),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Tung-Long Vuong , Trung Le , He Zhao , Chuanxia Zheng , Mehrtash Harandi , Jianfei Cai , Dinh Phung

Existing vector quantization (VQ) based autoregressive models follow a two-stage generation paradigm that first learns a codebook to encode images as discrete codes, and then completes generation based on the learned codebook. However, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Mengqi Huang , Zhendong Mao , Zhuowei Chen , Yongdong Zhang

Denoising autoencoders (DAE) are trained to reconstruct their clean inputs with noise injected at the input level, while variational autoencoders (VAE) are trained with noise injected in their stochastic hidden layer, with a regularizer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-05 Daniel Jiwoong Im , Sungjin Ahn , Roland Memisevic , Yoshua Bengio

State-of-the-art high-spectral-efficiency communication systems employ high-order modulation formats coupled with high symbol rates to accommodate the ever-growing demand for data rate-hungry applications. However, such systems are more…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-24 Jinxiang Song , Vincent Lauinger , Yibo Wu , Christian Häger , Jochen Schröder , Alexandre Graell i Amat , Laurent Schmalen , Henk Wymeersch

In this paper, we explore vector quantization for acoustic unit discovery. Leveraging unlabelled data, we aim to learn discrete representations of speech that separate phonetic content from speaker-specific details. We propose two neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-20 Benjamin van Niekerk , Leanne Nortje , Herman Kamper

VQ-VAE, as a mainstream approach of speech tokenizer, has been troubled by ``index collapse'', where only a small number of codewords are activated in large codebooks. This work proposes product-quantized (PQ) VAE with more codebooks but…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Haohan Guo , Fenglong Xie , Dongchao Yang , Hui Lu , Xixin Wu , Helen Meng

Variational auto-encoder (VAE) is an effective neural network architecture to disentangle a speech utterance into speaker identity and linguistic content latent embeddings, then generate an utterance for a target speaker from that of a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Ziang Long , Yunling Zheng , Meng Yu , Jack Xin

Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are a powerful class of deep generative latent variable model for unsupervised representation learning on high-dimensional data. To ensure computational tractability, VAEs are often implemented with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Alex Campbell , Pietro Liò

The dimensionality of the embedding and the number of available embeddings ( also called codebook size) are critical factors influencing the performance of Vector Quantization(VQ), a discretization process used in many models such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Hang Chen , Sankepally Sainath Reddy , Ziwei Chen , Dianbo Liu

Compression is at the heart of effective representation learning. However, lossy compression is typically achieved through simple parametric models like Gaussian noise to preserve analytic tractability, and the limitations this imposes on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Rob Brekelmans , Daniel Moyer , Aram Galstyan , Greg Ver Steeg

Vector-quantized autoencoders deliver high-fidelity latents but suffer inherent flaws: the quantizer is non-differentiable, requires straight-through hacks, and is prone to collapse. We address these issues at the root by replacing VQ with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hao Lu , Onur C. Koyun , Yongxin Guo , Zhengjie Zhu , Abbas Alili , Metin Nafi Gurcan

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a method for discretizing latent representations and has become a major part of the deep learning toolkit. It has been theoretically and empirically shown that discretization of representations leads to improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Dianbo Liu , Alex Lamb , Xu Ji , Pascal Notsawo , Mike Mozer , Yoshua Bengio , Kenji Kawaguchi

Generative AutoEncoders require a chosen probability distribution in latent space, usually multivariate Gaussian. The original Variational AutoEncoder (VAE) uses randomness in encoder - causing problematic distortion, and overlaps in latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Jarek Duda

Vector quantization (VQ) underpins modern generative and representation models by turning continuous latents into discrete tokens. Yet hard nearest-neighbor assignments are non-differentiable and are typically optimized with heuristic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Haochen You , Heng Zhang , Hongyang He , Yuqi Li , Baojing Liu