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Smart balancing, also called passive balancing, is the intentional introduction of active power schedule deviations by balance responsible parties (BRPs) to receive a remuneration through the imbalance settlement mechanism. From a system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-27 Johannes Lips , Hendrik Lens

The growth of Electric Vehicles (EVs) creates a conflict in vehicle-to-building (V2B) settings between building operators, who face high energy costs from uncoordinated charging, and drivers, who prioritize convenience and a full charge. To…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Rishav Sen , Fangqi Liu , Jose Paolo Talusan , Ava Pettet , Yoshinori Suzue , Mark Bailey , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Abhishek Dubey

The penetration of renewable energies requires additional storages to deal with intermittency. Accordingly, there is growing interest in evaluating the opportunity cost (usage value) associated with stored energy in large storages, a cost…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-20 Camila Martinez Parra , Michel de Lara , Jean-Philippe Chancelier , Pierre Carpentier , Jean-Marc Janin , Manuel Ruiz

Securing an adequate supply of dispatchable resources is critical for keeping a power system reliable under high penetrations of variable generation. Traditional resource adequacy mechanisms are poorly suited to exploiting the growing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-27 Farhad Billimoria , Filiberto Fele , Iacopo Savelli , Thomas Morstyn , Malcolm McCulloch

Recent proliferation in electric vehicles (EVs) are posing profound impacts over the operation of electrical grids. In particular, due to the physical constraints on charging stations' capacity and uncertainty in charging demand, it becomes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-29 Yize Chen , Baosen Zhang

The paper suggests a new stochastic model for energy producing, dispatching, and storing in the multi-battery setting that takes into account the topology of the system of the links between the batteries, the transmission and storage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Nikolai Dokuchaev

We investigate the ability of a homogeneous collection of deferrable energy loads to behave as a battery; that is, to absorb and release energy in a controllable fashion up to fixed and predetermined limits on volume, charge rate and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-10-07 Daria Madjidian , Mardavij Roozbehani , Munther A. Dahleh

Recently, the volatility associated with marginal prices has increased due to large scale integration of renewable generation. Price volatility is undesirable from a consumer perspective. To address this issue, we present a framework for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-11 Shantanu Chakraborty , Kyri Baker , Milos Cvetkovic , Remco Verzijlbergh , Zofia Lukszo

Variable renewable generation increases the challenge of balancing power supply and demand. Grid-scale batteries co-located with generation can help mitigate this misalignment. This paper explores the use of reinforcement learning (RL) for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Caleb Ju , Constance Crozier

This paper presents a degradation-cost-aware optimization framework for multi-string battery energy storage systems, emphasizing the impact of inhomogeneous subsystem-level aging in operational decision-making. We evaluate four scenarios…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-27 Melina Graner , Martin Cornejo , Holger Hesse , Andreas Jossen

The ongoing energy transition is significantly increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in power systems; however, their intermittency and variability pose substantial challenges, including load shedding and system congestion.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-19 Seyed Ehsan Ahmadi , Elnaz Kabir , Mohammad Fattahi , Mousa Marzband , Dongjun Li

As renewable energy integration increases supply variability, battery energy storage systems (BESS) present a viable solution for balancing supply and demand. This paper proposes a novel approach for optimizing battery BESS participation in…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-06 Yiming Zhang , Wolfgang Ridinger , David Wozabal

This paper studies the efficiency of battery storage operations in electricity markets by comparing the social welfare gain achieved by a central planner to that of a decentralized profit-maximizing operator. The problem is formulated in a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zhile Jiang , Xinhao Nie , Stratis Skoulakis

The application of deep reinforcement learning algorithms to economic battery dispatch problems has significantly increased recently. However, optimizing battery dispatch over long horizons can be challenging due to delayed rewards. In our…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-08 Manuel Sage , Martin Staniszewski , Yaoyao Fiona Zhao

We introduce a class of learning problems where the agent is presented with a series of tasks. Intuitively, if there is relation among those tasks, then the information gained during execution of one task has value for the execution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-09-06 Christos Dimitrakakis

We propose an enhancement to wholesale electricity markets whereby the exposure of consumers to increasingly large and volatile consumer payments arising as a byproduct of volatile real-time net loads -- i.e., loads minus renewable outputs…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-13 Daniel Bienstock , Yury Dvorkin , Cheng Guo , Robert Mieth , Jiayi Wang

Electric truck operations require routing decisions that remain feasible under limited battery range, long charging times, travel and energy consumption, and competition for shared charging infrastructure. These features make electric truck…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Stavros Orfanoudakis , Ziyan Li , Ruixiao Yang , Nikolay Aristov , Pedro P. Vergara , Chuchu Fan , Elenna Dugundji

This study analyses the current viability of this business based on a sample of European countries in the year 2019; countries where electricity prices (day-ahead market) and financial conditions show a certain degree of heterogeneity. We…

General Economics · Economics 2023-09-26 Fernando Núñez , David Canca , Ángel Arcos-Vargas

A renewal system divides the slotted timeline into back to back time periods called renewal frames. At the beginning of each frame, it chooses a policy from a set of options for that frame. The policy determines the duration of the frame,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-02 Xiaohan Wei

Storage is expected to be a critical source of firming in low-carbon grids. A common concern raised from ex-post assessments is that storage resources can fail to respond to strong price signals during times of scarcity. While commonly…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-20 Ogun Yurdakul , Farhad Billimoria