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This paper explores the application of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) through Quantum Annealing algorithms and Graph Neural Networks. Quantum Annealing (QA), a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Haoqi He

In our pursuit of quantum supremacy during the NISQ era, this research introduces a novel approach rooted in the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) framework to address the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). By strategically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-29 Mehdi Ramezani , Sadegh Salami , Mehdi Shokhmkar , Morteza Moradi , Alireza Bahrampour

Quantum search algorithms, such as Grover's algorithm, are anticipated to efficiently solve constrained combinatorial optimization problems. However, applying these algorithms to the traveling salesman problem (TSP) on a quantum circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Rei Sato , Gordon Cui , Kazuhiro Saito , Hideyuki Kawashima , Tetsuro Nikuni , Shohei Watabe

In this paper, we present an implementation of a Job Selection Problem (JSP) -- a generalization of the well-known Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP) -- of $N=9$ jobs on its Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) form, using…

We propose a new Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulation of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), with which we overcame the best formulation of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) in terms of the minimum number of…

We present a two-level decomposition strategy for solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) using the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm. A Problem-Level Decomposition partitions a 13-node (156-qubit) VRP into smaller Traveling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Andrew Maciejunes , John Stenger , Dan Gunlycke , Nikos Chrisochoides

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classical combinatorial optimisation problem. Deep learning has been successfully extended to meta-learning, where previous solving efforts assist in learning how to optimise future optimisation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Nasrin Sultana , Jeffrey Chan , A. K. Qin , Tabinda Sarwar

Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms can help mitigating the physical limitations of current quantum devices, particularly the low qubit count and the reduced topological connectivity. In this paper, we propose a hybrid technique to solve a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Siwei Hu , Victor Lopata , Salvatore Sinno , Shruthi Thuravakkath , Paolo Zuliani

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with wide-ranging applications in logistics, routing, and intelligent systems. Due to its factorial complexity, solving large-scale instances…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rabab Alkhalifa , Fatima Alkhomayes , Boushra Almazroua , Dana Alhaidan , Maryam Alothman , Jumana Almuhaidib

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well known and challenging combinatorial optimisation problem. Its computational intractability has attracted a number of heuristic approaches to generate satisfactory, if not optimal, candidate…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2013-03-27 Jeff Jones , Andrew Adamatzky

The Steiner Traveling Salesman Problem (STSP) is a variant of the classical Traveling Salesman Problem. The STSP involves incorporating steiner nodes, which are extra nodes not originally part of the required visit set but that can be added…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Alessia Ciacco , Francesca Guerriero , Eneko Osaba

Quantum computing is offering a novel perspective for solving combinatorial optimization problems. To fully explore the possibilities offered by quantum computers, the problems need to be formulated as unconstrained binary models, taking…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Özlem Salehi , Adam Glos , Jarosław Adam Miszczak

The Quadratic Travelling Salesman Problem (QTSP) is to find a least cost Hamilton cycle in an edge-weighted graph, where costs are defined on all pairs of edges contained in the Hamilton cycle. This is a more general version than the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Brad Woods , Abraham Punnen , Tamon Stephen

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is among the most famous NP-hard optimization problems. We design for this problem a randomized polynomial-time algorithm that computes a (1+eps)-approximation to the optimal tour, for any fixed eps>0,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Yair Bartal , Lee-Ad Gottlieb , Robert Krauthgamer

We present a compact quantum encoding of the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) based on a time-register representation of tours. A candidate route is represented as a sequence of $n$ city labels over discrete time steps, with one fixed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Alexander Johannes Stasik , Franz Georg Fuchs

The Traveling Salesman Problem (often called TSP) is a classic algorithmic problem in the field of computer science and operations research. It is an NP-Hard problem focused on optimization. TSP has several applications even in its purest…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Amey Gohil , Manan Tayal , Tezan Sahu , Vyankatesh Sawalpurkar

This work presents a tensor-network formulation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and several of its variants. The approach represents candidate tours with tensor-network layers, weights them by Boltzmann factors, and enforces…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Alejandro Mata Ali , Iñigo Perez Delgado , Aitor Moreno Fdez. de Leceta

Routing problems are a common optimization problem in industrial applications, which occur on a large scale in supply chain planning. Due to classical limitations for solving NP-hard problems, quantum computing hopes to improve upon speed…

In this paper we present a variational algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) that combines (i) a compact encoding of permutations, which reduces the qubit requirement too, (ii) an optimize-freeze-reuse strategy: where the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Fabrizio Fagiolo , Nicolò Vescera

Current hardware limitations restrict the potential when solving quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems via the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) or quantum annealing (QA). Thus, we consider training…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-30 Thomas Gabor , Sebastian Feld , Hila Safi , Thomy Phan , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien