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This work presents a framework for assessing whether large language models (LLMs) encode more factual knowledge in their parameters than what they express in their outputs. While a few studies hint at this possibility, none has clearly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zorik Gekhman , Eyal Ben David , Hadas Orgad , Eran Ofek , Yonatan Belinkov , Idan Szpektor , Jonathan Herzig , Roi Reichart

Temporal question answering (QA) involves time constraints, with phrases such as "... in 2019" or "... before COVID". In the former, time is an explicit condition, in the latter it is implicit. State-of-the-art methods have limitations…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Zhen Jia , Philipp Christmann , Gerhard Weikum

Automatic fact verification has received significant attention recently. Contemporary automatic fact-checking systems focus on estimating truthfulness using numerical scores which are not human-interpretable. A human fact-checker generally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Anku Rani , S. M Towhidul Islam Tonmoy , Dwip Dalal , Shreya Gautam , Megha Chakraborty , Aman Chadha , Amit Sheth , Amitava Das

Large language models (LLMs) have delivered significant breakthroughs across diverse domains but can still produce unreliable or misleading outputs, posing critical challenges for real-world applications. While many recent studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Yang Nan , Pengfei He , Ravi Tandon , Han Xu

One problem to solve in the context of information fusion, decision-making, and other artificial intelligence challenges is to compute justified beliefs based on evidence. In real-life examples, this evidence may be inconsistent,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Daira Pinto Prieto , Ronald de Haan , Aybüke Özgün

We develop a logical framework for reasoning about knowledge and evidence in which the agent may be uncertain about how to interpret their evidence. Rather than representing an evidential state as a fixed subset of the state space, our…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Adam Bjorndahl , Aybüke Özgün

Conversational Question Answering (ConvQA) models aim at answering a question with its relevant paragraph and previous question-answer pairs that occurred during conversation multiple times. To apply such models to a real-world scenario,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Soyeong Jeong , Jinheon Baek , Sung Ju Hwang , Jong C. Park

Information verification is quite a challenging task, this is because many times verifying a claim can require picking pieces of information from multiple pieces of evidence which can have a hierarchy of complex semantic relations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Usama Khalid , Mirza Omer Beg

State-of-the-art summarization systems can generate highly fluent summaries. These summaries, however, may contain factual inconsistencies and/or information not present in the source. Hence, an important component of assessing the quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Potsawee Manakul , Adian Liusie , Mark J. F. Gales

Question Answering (QA) is an important part of tasks like text classification through information gathering. These are finding increasing use in sectors like healthcare, customer support, legal services, etc., to collect and classify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Priya Mishra , Suraj Racha , Kaustubh Ponkshe , Adit Akarsh , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance in question answering and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), yet they implicitly assume that user queries are fully specified and answerable. In real-world settings, queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Madhav S Baidya

Fact-checking the truthfulness of claims usually requires reasoning over multiple evidence sentences. Oftentimes, evidence sentences may not be always self-contained, and may require additional contexts and references from elsewhere to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Delvin Ce Zhang , Dongwon Lee

Technological advancement allows information to be shared in just a single click, which has enabled the rapid spread of false information. This makes automated fact-checking system necessary to ensure the safety and integrity of our online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Anab Maulana Barik , Shou Ziyi , Yang Kaiwen , Yang Qi , Shen Xin

An abundance of datasets and availability of reliable evaluation metrics have resulted in strong progress in factoid question answering (QA). This progress, however, does not easily transfer to the task of long-form QA, where the goal is to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Ivan Stelmakh , Yi Luan , Bhuwan Dhingra , Ming-Wei Chang

Many practical studies rely on hypothesis testing procedures applied to data sets with missing information. An important part of the analysis is to determine the impact of the missing data on the performance of the test, and this can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-02-15 Dan L. Nicolae , Xiao-Li Meng , Augustine Kong

We present an information-theoretic framework for understanding overfitting and underfitting in machine learning and prove the formal undecidability of determining whether an arbitrary classification algorithm will overfit a dataset.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Daniel Bashir , George D. Montanez , Sonia Sehra , Pedro Sandoval Segura , Julius Lauw

With the rapid development of knowledge bases(KBs),question answering(QA)based on KBs has become a hot research issue. In this paper,we propose two frameworks(i.e.,pipeline framework,an end-to-end framework)to focus answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Lin Li , Mengjing Zhang , Zhaohui Chao , Jianwen Xiang

Judging the veracity of a sentence making one or more claims is an important and challenging problem with many dimensions. The recent FEVER task asked participants to classify input sentences as either SUPPORTED, REFUTED or NotEnoughInfo…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-01 Ankur Padia , Francis Ferraro , Tim Finin

Model checking is a technique to automatically assess whether a model of the behaviour of a system meets its requirements. Evidence explaining why the behaviour does (not) meet its requirements is essential for the user to understand the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Anna Stramaglia , Jeroen J. A. Keiren , Maurice Laveaux , Tim A. C. Willemse

A coverage type generalizes refinement types found in many functional languages with support for must-style underapproximate reasoning. Property-based testing frameworks are one particularly useful domain where such capabilities are useful…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zhe Zhou , Benjamin Delaware , Suresh Jagannathan