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Recent studies generally enhance MLLMs' reasoning capabilities via supervised fine-tuning on high-quality chain-of-thought reasoning data, which often leads models to merely imitate successful reasoning paths without understanding what the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jingyi Zhang , Jiaxing Huang , Huanjin Yao , Shunyu Liu , Xikun Zhang , Shijian Lu , Dacheng Tao

We introduce Self-correction Relative Policy Optimization (ScRPO), a novel reinforcement learning framework designed to empower large language models with advanced mathematical reasoning capabilities through iterative self-reflection and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Lianrui Li , Dakuan Lu , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

As LLMs reduce English-centric bias, a surprising trend emerges: non-English responses sometimes outperform English on reasoning tasks. We hypothesize that language functions as a latent variable that structurally modulates the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Linjuan Wu , Haoran Wei , Jialong Tang , Shuang Luo , Baosong Yang , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu

Recent applications of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated significant success in enhancing reasoning capabilities for complex tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Fanfan Liu , Youyang Yin , Peng Shi , Siqi Yang , Zhixiong Zeng , Haibo Qiu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has markedly enhanced the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Its success, however, largely depends on strong base models with rich world knowledge, yielding only modest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yongxin Guo , Wenbo Deng , Zhenglin Cheng , Xiaoying Tang

While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xin Guan , Zijian Li , Shen Huang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Jiuxin Cao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective approach for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) family has demonstrated strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chenxi Liu , Junjie Liang , Yuqi Jia , Bochuan Cao , Yang Bai , Heng Huang , Xun Chen

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was introduced and used recently for promoting reasoning in LLMs under verifiable (binary) rewards. We show that the mean + variance calibration of these rewards induces a weighted contrastive loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Youssef Mroueh

The effective training of Large Language Models (LLMs) for function calling faces a critical challenge: balancing exploration of complex reasoning paths with stable policy optimization. Standard methods like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)…

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve explicit chain-of-thought expansion by imitating deep thinking behaviors of humans, demonstrating excellent performance in complex task scenarios. However, the deep-thinking mode often leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Qian Wan , Ziao Xu , Luona Wei , Xiaoxuan Shen , Jianwen Sun

Masked diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are emerging as promising alternatives to autoregressive LLMs, offering competitive performance while supporting unique generation capabilities such as inpainting. We explore how inpainting can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Siyan Zhao , Mengchen Liu , Jing Huang , Miao Liu , Chenyu Wang , Bo Liu , Yuandong Tian , Guan Pang , Sean Bell , Aditya Grover , Feiyu Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at various natural language processing tasks but remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks that induce harmful content generation. In this paper, we reveal a critical safety inconsistency: LLMs can more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Peng Ding , Wen Sun , Dailin Li , Wei Zou , Jiaming Wang , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang

LLM-based search agents are increasingly trained on entity-centric synthetic data to solve complex, knowledge-intensive tasks. However, prevailing training methods like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) discard this rich entity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yida Zhao , Kuan Li , Xixi Wu , Liwen Zhang , Dingchu Zhang , Baixuan Li , Maojia Song , Zhuo Chen , Chenxi Wang , Xinyu Wang , Kewei Tu , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Yong Jiang

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is broadly utilized for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human values because of its flexibility. Despite its effectiveness, it has been observed that the capability of DPO to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Wenqiao Zhu , Ji Liu , Lulu Wang , Jun Wu , Yulun Zhang

Speech Recognition has seen a dramatic shift towards adopting Large Language Models (LLMs). This shift is partly driven by good scalability properties demonstrated by LLMs, ability to leverage large amounts of labelled, unlabelled speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Prashanth Gurunath Shivakumar , Yile Gu , Ankur Gandhe , Ivan Bulyko

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have introduced latent reasoning as a promising alternative to autoregressive reasoning. By performing internal computation with hidden states from previous steps, latent reasoning benefit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Zhenrui Yue , Bowen Jin , Huimin Zeng , Honglei Zhuang , Zhen Qin , Jinsung Yoon , Lanyu Shang , Jiawei Han , Dong Wang

Reinforcement learning has been widely applied to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models. Extending the inference limits of smaller models has become a prominent research focus. However, algorithms such as Group…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Hao Wu , Wei Liu

Discrete flow models (DFMs) are a class of flexible generative models for generating discrete data, and diffusion large language models (dLLMs) can be viewed as a special case with a specific choice of mixture path and a masked source…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhengyan Wan , Yidong Ouyang , Panwen Hu , Qiang Sun

Off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models (LLMs) is attracting growing interest, driven by practical constraints in real-world applications, the complexity of LLM-RL infrastructure, and the need for further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chaorui Yao , Yanxi Chen , Yuchang Sun , Yushuo Chen , Wenhao Zhang , Xuchen Pan , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Traditional retrieval pipelines optimize utility through stages of candidate retrieval and reranking, where ranking operates over a predefined candidate set. Large Language Models (LLMs) broaden this into a generative process: given a…