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In many public health settings, it is important for patients to adhere to health programs, such as taking medications and periodic health checks. Unfortunately, beneficiaries may gradually disengage from such programs, which is detrimental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Arpita Biswas , Gaurav Aggarwal , Pradeep Varakantham , Milind Tambe

The restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) framework is a popular model with applications across a wide variety of fields. However, its solution is hindered by the exponentially growing state space (with respect to the number of arms) and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Gongpu Chen , Soung Chang Liew , Deniz Gunduz

Restless multi-armed bandits (RMABs) provide a scalable framework for sequential decision-making under uncertainty, but classical formulations assume binary actions and a single global budget. Real-world settings, such as healthcare, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Himadri S. Pandey , Kai Wang , Gian-Gabriel P. Garcia

Restless multi-armed bandits (RMAB) extend multi-armed bandits so pulling an arm impacts future states. Despite the success of RMABs, a key limiting assumption is the separability of rewards into a sum across arms. We address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Naveen Raman , Zheyuan Ryan Shi , Fei Fang

We introduce a novel framework of combinatorial multi-armed bandits (CMAB) with multivariant and probabilistically triggering arms (CMAB-MT), where the outcome of each arm is a $d$-dimensional multivariant random variable and the feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Xutong Liu , Siwei Wang , Jinhang Zuo , Han Zhong , Xuchuang Wang , Zhiyong Wang , Shuai Li , Mohammad Hajiesmaili , John C. S. Lui , Wei Chen

This paper addresses an important class of restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problems that finds broad application in operations research, stochastic optimization, and reinforcement learning. There are $N$ independent Markov processes that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-18 Keqin Liu

This paper studies a class of constrained restless multi-armed bandits (CRMAB). The constraints are in the form of time varying set of actions (set of available arms). This variation can be either stochastic or semi-deterministic. Given a…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Kesav Kaza , Rahul Meshram , Varun Mehta , S. N. Merchant

In the classic Bayesian restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problem, there are $N$ arms, with rewards on all arms evolving at each time as Markov chains with known parameters. A player seeks to activate $K \geq 1$ arms at each time in order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2011-12-25 Wenhan Dai , Yi Gai , Bhaskar Krishnamachari , Qing Zhao

In the classic Bayesian restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problem, there are $N$ arms, with rewards on all arms evolving at each time as Markov chains with known parameters. A player seeks to activate $K \geq 1$ arms at each time in order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2010-11-23 Wenhan Dai , Yi Gai , Bhaskar Krishnamachari , Qing Zhao

Restless Multi-Armed Bandits (RMABs) are powerful models for decision-making under uncertainty, yet classical formulations typically assume fixed dynamics, an assumption often violated in nonstationary environments. We introduce MARBLE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Mohsen Amiri , Konstantin Avrachenkov , Ibtihal El Mimouni , Sindri Magnússon

The widespread availability of cell phones has enabled non-profits to deliver critical health information to their beneficiaries in a timely manner. This paper describes our work to assist non-profits that employ automated messaging…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a widely researched area in artificial intelligence that focuses on teaching agents decision-making through interactions with their environment. A key subset includes stochastic multi-armed bandit (MAB) and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-20 Pengjie Zhou , Haoyu Wei , Huiming Zhang

This paper is in the field of stochastic Multi-Armed Bandits (MABs), i.e., those sequential selection techniques able to learn online using only the feedback given by the chosen option (a.k.a. arm). We study a particular case of the rested…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Alberto Maria Metelli , Francesco Trovò , Matteo Pirola , Marcello Restelli

Restless multi-armed bandits (RMABs) extend multi-armed bandits to allow for stateful arms, where the state of each arm evolves restlessly with different transitions depending on whether that arm is pulled. Solving RMABs requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Kai Wang , Lily Xu , Aparna Taneja , Milind Tambe

Restless multi-armed bandits (RMABs) have been widely utilized to address resource allocation problems with Markov reward processes (MRPs). Existing works often assume that the dynamics of MRPs are known prior, which makes the RMAB problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Jingwen Tong , Xinran Li , Liqun Fu , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief

Whittle index policy is a heuristic to the intractable restless multi-armed bandits (RMAB) problem. Although it is provably asymptotically optimal, finding Whittle indices remains difficult. In this paper, we present Neural-Q-Whittle, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Guojun Xiong , Jian Li

This paper investigates the Restless Multi-Armed Bandit (RMAB) framework under individual penalty constraints to address resource allocation challenges in dynamic wireless networked environments. Unlike conventional RMAB models, our model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Nida Zamir , I-Hong Hou

The multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem is an active learning framework that aims to select the best among a set of actions by sequentially observing rewards. Recently, it has become popular for a number of applications over wireless networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Osama A. Hanna , Lin F. Yang , Christina Fragouli

We introduce robustness in \textit{restless multi-armed bandits} (RMABs), a popular model for constrained resource allocation among independent stochastic processes (arms). Nearly all RMAB techniques assume stochastic dynamics are precisely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Jackson A. Killian , Lily Xu , Arpita Biswas , Milind Tambe

Energy demands from data centers have surged and stressed the grid in recent years. Electric grids require balancing supply and demand every second, motivating demand response (reduction) from large loads, including data centers. This can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yifu Ding , Zixi Chen , Thomas Magnanti