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Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning and multi-turn interactions but struggle to continuously improve and adapt when deployed in new environments. One promising approach is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jiongxiao Wang , Qiaojing Yan , Yawei Wang , Yijun Tian , Soumya Smruti Mishra , Zhichao Xu , Megha Gandhi , Panpan Xu , Lin Lee Cheong

Modern software applications demand efficient and reliable testing methodologies to ensure robust user interface functionality. This paper introduces an autonomous reinforcement learning (RL) agent integrated within a Behavior-Driven…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ali Hassaan Mughal

A key method for creating Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents is Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, constructing a standalone RL policy that maps perception to action directly encounters severe problems, chief among them being its lack…

Reinforcement learning (RL) agent development traditionally requires substantial expertise and iterative effort, often leading to high failure rates and limited accessibility. This paper introduces Agent$^2$, an LLM-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuan Wei , Xiaohan Shan , Ran Miao , Jianmin Li

In a recent study, Reinforcement Learning (RL) used in combination with many-objective search, has been shown to outperform alternative techniques (random search and many-objective search) for online testing of Deep Neural Network-enabled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Luca Giamattei , Matteo Biagiola , Roberto Pietrantuono , Stefano Russo , Paolo Tonella

The surge in scientific publications challenges traditional review methods, demanding tools that integrate structured metadata with full-text analysis. Hybrid Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, combining graph queries with vector…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external, domain-specific data into the generative process. While LLMs are highly capable, they often rely on static, pre-trained datasets, limiting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Aniruddha Salve , Saba Attar , Mahesh Deshmukh , Sayali Shivpuje , Arnab Mitra Utsab

Increasing demand for algorithms that can learn quickly and efficiently has led to a surge of development within the field of artificial intelligence (AI). An important paradigm within AI is reinforcement learning (RL), where agents…

Although machine learning (ML) has been successful in automating various software engineering needs, software testing still remains a highly challenging topic. In this paper, we aim to improve the generative testing of software by directly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Chuan-Yung Tsai , Graham W. Taylor

As artificial intelligence permeates judicial forensics, ensuring the veracity and traceability of legal question answering (QA) has become critical. Conventional large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucination, risking misleading…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yueqing Xi , Yifan Bai , Huasen Luo , Weiliang Wen , Hui Liu , Haoliang Li

Current knowledge-enhanced large language models (LLMs) rely on static, pre-constructed knowledge bases that suffer from coverage gaps and temporal obsolescence, limiting their effectiveness in dynamic information environments. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jing Li , Zhijie Sun , Zhicheng Zhou , Suming Qiu , Junjie Huang , Haijia Sun , Linyuan Qiu

Retriever-augmented generation (RAG) has become a widely adopted approach for enhancing the factual accuracy of large language models (LLMs). While current benchmarks evaluate the performance of RAG methods from various perspectives, they…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Kepu Zhang , Zhongxiang Sun , Weijie Yu , Xiaoxue Zang , Kai Zheng , Yang Song , Han Li , Jun Xu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) integrates non-parametric knowledge into Large Language Models (LLMs), typically from unstructured texts and structured graphs. While recent progress has advanced text-based RAG to multi-turn reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Yucan Guo , Miao Su , Saiping Guan , Zihao Sun , Xiaolong Jin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation, yet their outputs often contain subtle bugs, for which effective test cases are a critical bottleneck. Existing test generation methods, whether based on prompting or supervised…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Qingyao Li , Xinyi Dai , Weiwen Liu , Xiangyang Li , Yasheng Wang , Ruiming Tang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM) based agents are powerful yet fundamentally static after deployment, lacking the ability to autonomously expand capabilities, generate new tools, or evolve their reasoning. This work introduces a hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Indrajit Kar , Sammy Zonunpuia , Zonunfeli Ralte

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates key limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs)-such as factual errors, outdated knowledge, and hallucinations-by dynamically retrieving external information. Recent work extends this paradigm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jingru Lin , Chen Zhang , Stephen Y. Liu , Haizhou Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities but are prone to generating inaccurate or hallucinatory responses. This limitation stems from their reliance on vast pretraining datasets, making them susceptible to errors in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Chi-Min Chan , Chunpu Xu , Ruibin Yuan , Hongyin Luo , Wei Xue , Yike Guo , Jie Fu

Query optimization is a crucial component for the efficacy of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. While reinforcement learning (RL)-based agentic and reasoning methods have recently emerged as a promising direction on query…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Wei Wen , Sihang Deng , Tianjun Wei , Keyu Chen , Ruizhi Qiao , Xing Sun

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds Large Language Models (LLMs) in external knowledge but often suffers from flat context representations and stateless retrieval, leading to unstable performance. We propose Stateful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Qi Dong , Ziheng Lin , Ning Ding

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit limited performance on domain-specific tasks due to the natural disproportionate representation of specialized information in their training data and the static nature of these datasets. Knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Chaojun Nie , Jun Zhou , Guanxiang Wang , Shisong Wu , Zichen Wang