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Recent studies on the safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) have revealed that existing approaches often operate superficially, leaving models vulnerable to various adversarial attacks. Despite their significance, these studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at various natural language processing tasks but remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks that induce harmful content generation. In this paper, we reveal a critical safety inconsistency: LLMs can more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Peng Ding , Wen Sun , Dailin Li , Wei Zou , Jiaming Wang , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang

Recent developments in large language models (LLMs) have led to their widespread usage for various tasks. The prevalence of LLMs in society implores the assurance on the reliability of their performance. In particular, risk-sensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Catherine Yu-Chi Chen , Jingyan Shen , Zhun Deng , Lihua Lei

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable when trained on datasets containing harmful content, which leads to potential jailbreaking attacks in two scenarios: the integration of harmful texts within crowdsourced data used for pre-training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Xiaoqun Liu , Jiacheng Liang , Muchao Ye , Zhaohan Xi

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into numerous applications across various domains, LLMs' safety becomes a critical concern for both application developers and intended users. Currently, great efforts have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haoran Li , Yulin Chen , Jingru Zeng , Hao Peng , Huihao Jing , Wenbin Hu , Xi Yang , Ziqian Zeng , Sirui Han , Yangqiu Song

As large language models (LLMs) become easily accessible nowadays, the trade-off between safety and helpfulness can significantly impact user experience. A model that prioritizes safety will cause users to feel less engaged and assisted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yi-Lin Tuan , Xilun Chen , Eric Michael Smith , Louis Martin , Soumya Batra , Asli Celikyilmaz , William Yang Wang , Daniel M. Bikel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to be susceptible to crafted adversarial attacks or jailbreaks that lead to the generation of objectionable content despite being aligned to human preferences using safety fine-tuning methods. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Sravanti Addepalli , Yerram Varun , Arun Suggala , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Prateek Jain

While large language models (LLMs) have seen unprecedented advancements in capabilities and applications across a variety of use-cases, safety alignment of these models is still an area of active research. The fragile nature of LLMs, even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Amrita Bhattacharjee , Shaona Ghosh , Traian Rebedea , Christopher Parisien

Fine-tuning safety-aligned large language models (LLMs) can substantially compromise their safety. Previous approaches require many safety samples or calibration sets, which not only incur significant computational overhead during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jiawen Zhang , Lipeng He , Kejia Chen , Jian Lou , Jian Liu , Xiaohu Yang , Ruoxi Jia

Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are typically safety-aligned before release to prevent harmful content generation. However, recent studies show that safety behaviors are concentrated in a small subset of parameters, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Zhaoxin Wang , Jiaming Liang , Fengbin Zhu , Weixiang Zhao , Junfeng Fang , Jiayi Ji , Handing Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Guard models are a critical component of LLM safety, but their sensitivity to superficial linguistic variations remains a key vulnerability. We show that even meaning-preserving paraphrases can cause large fluctuations in safety scores,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Cristina Pinneri , Christos Louizos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread adoption across various domains, including chatbots and auto-task completion agents. However, these models are susceptible to safety vulnerabilities such as jailbreaking, prompt injection,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Divyanshu Kumar , Anurakt Kumar , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

With the ubiquity of Large Language Models (LLMs), guardrails have become crucial to detect and defend against toxic content. However, with the increasing pervasiveness of LLMs in multilingual scenarios, their effectiveness in handling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Yahan Yang , Soham Dan , Dan Roth , Insup Lee

The safety alignment of current Large Language Models (LLMs) is vulnerable. Relatively simple attacks, or even benign fine-tuning, can jailbreak aligned models. We argue that many of these vulnerabilities are related to a shared underlying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xiangyu Qi , Ashwinee Panda , Kaifeng Lyu , Xiao Ma , Subhrajit Roy , Ahmad Beirami , Prateek Mittal , Peter Henderson

Powered by remarkable advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities in manifold tasks. However, the practical application scenarios of MLLMs are intricate,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tianle Gu , Zeyang Zhou , Kexin Huang , Dandan Liang , Yixu Wang , Haiquan Zhao , Yuanqi Yao , Xingge Qiao , Keqing Wang , Yujiu Yang , Yan Teng , Yu Qiao , Yingchun Wang

Fine-tuning language models is commonly believed to inevitably harm their safety, i.e., refusing to respond to harmful user requests, even when using harmless datasets, thus requiring additional safety measures. We challenge this belief…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Minseon Kim , Jin Myung Kwak , Lama Alssum , Bernard Ghanem , Philip Torr , David Krueger , Fazl Barez , Adel Bibi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across a wide range of tasks, but remain vulnerable to safety risks such as harmful content generation and jailbreak attacks. Existing safety techniques -- including external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yuhao Sun , Zhuoer Xu , Shiwen Cui , Kun Yang , Lingyun Yu , Yongdong Zhang , Hongtao Xie

As advancements in large language models (LLMs) continue and the demand for personalized models increases, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods (e.g., LoRA) will become essential due to their efficiency in reducing computation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Mingjie Li , Wai Man Si , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Yisen Wang

As large language models (LLMs) evolve from static chatbots into autonomous agents, the primary vulnerability surface shifts from final outputs to intermediate execution traces. While safety guardrails are well-benchmarked for natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yen-Shan Chen , Sian-Yao Huang , Cheng-Lin Yang , Yun-Nung Chen

The deployment of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has brought forth a unique vulnerability: susceptibility to malicious attacks through visual inputs. This paper investigates the novel challenge of defending MLLMs against such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Renjie Pi , Tianyang Han , Jianshu Zhang , Yueqi Xie , Rui Pan , Qing Lian , Hanze Dong , Jipeng Zhang , Tong Zhang