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Related papers: Edged Weisfeiler-Lehman Algorithm

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Despite the remarkable success of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), the common belief is that their representation power is limited and that they are at most as expressive as the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) algorithm. In this paper, we argue the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Charilaos I. Kanatsoulis , Alejandro Ribeiro

Message passing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are known to be limited in expressive power by the 1-WL color-refinement test for graph isomorphism. Other more expressive models either are computationally expensive or need preprocessing to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Mohammed Haroon Dupty , Yanfei Dong , Wee Sun Lee

The expressive power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has been studied extensively through the Weisfeiler-Leman (WL) graph isomorphism test. However, standard GNNs and the WL framework are inapplicable for geometric graphs embedded in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Chaitanya K. Joshi , Cristian Bodnar , Simon V. Mathis , Taco Cohen , Pietro Liò

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely used for graph representation learning in many application domains. The expressiveness of vanilla GNNs is upper-bounded by 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman (1-WL) test as they operate on rooted subtrees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Jiaxing Xu , Aihu Zhang , Qingtian Bian , Vijay Prakash Dwivedi , Yiping Ke

We propose a Graph Neural Network with greater expressive power than commonly used GNNs - not constrained to only differentiate between graphs that Weisfeiler-Lehman test recognizes to be non-isomorphic. We use a graph attention network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Stanisław Purgał

Link prediction is one important application of graph neural networks (GNNs). Most existing GNNs for link prediction are based on one-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman (1-WL) test. 1-WL-GNNs first compute node representations by iteratively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Yang Hu , Xiyuan Wang , Zhouchen Lin , Pan Li , Muhan Zhang

Graph representation learning (GRL) is to encode graph elements into informative vector representations, which can be used in downstream tasks for analyzing graph-structured data and has seen extensive applications in various domains.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hewen Wang , Renchi Yang , Xiaokui Xiao

The $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman ($k$-WL) algorithm is a simple combinatorial algorithm that was originally designed as a graph isomorphism heuristic. It naturally finds applications in Babai's quasipolynomial time isomorphism…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Martin Grohe , Moritz Lichter , Daniel Neuen , Pascal Schweitzer

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged recently as a powerful architecture for learning node and graph representations. Standard GNNs have the same expressive power as the Weisfeiler-Leman test of graph isomorphism in terms of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-11 Giannis Nikolentzos , George Dasoulas , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Graph neural networks are emerging as continuation of deep learning success w.r.t. graph data. Tens of different graph neural network variants have been proposed, most following a neighborhood aggregation scheme, where the node features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Dawei Leng , Jinjiang Guo , Lurong Pan , Jie Li , Xinyu Wang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) achieve an impressive performance on structured graphs by recursively updating the representation vector of each node based on its neighbors, during which parameterized transformation matrices should be learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Pengfei Chen , Weiwen Liu , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Guangyong Chen , Shengyu Zhang

Recently, the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) graph isomorphism test was used to measure the expressive power of graph neural networks (GNN). It was shown that the popular message passing GNN cannot distinguish between graphs that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Haggai Maron , Heli Ben-Hamu , Hadar Serviansky , Yaron Lipman

Learning efficient graph representation is the key to favorably addressing downstream tasks on graphs, such as node or graph property prediction. Given the non-Euclidean structural property of graphs, preserving the original graph data's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Bingxin Zhou , Xuebin Zheng , Yu Guang Wang , Ming Li , Junbin Gao

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for prediction tasks like node classification or edge prediction have received increasing attention in recent machine learning from graphically structured data. However, a large quantity of labeled graphs is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Yuexin Wu , Yichong Xu , Aarti Singh , Yiming Yang , Artur Dubrawski

The invariance to permutations of the adjacency matrix, i.e., graph isomorphism, is an overarching requirement for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Conventionally, this prerequisite can be satisfied by the invariant operations over node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Zhongyu Huang , Yingheng Wang , Chaozhuo Li , Huiguang He

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved enormous success in multiple graph analytical tasks, modern variants mostly rely on the strong inductive bias of homophily. However, real-world networks typically exhibit both homophilic and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Jingwei Guo , Kaizhu Huang , Rui Zhang , Xinping Yi

Graph neural networks (GNNs), which propagate the node features through the edges and learn how to transform the aggregated features under label supervision, have achieved great success in supervised feature extraction for both node-level…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-01 Yilin He , Chaojie Wang , Hao Zhang , Bo Chen , Mingyuan Zhou

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have demonstrated success in modeling relational data, especially for data that exhibits homophily: when a connection between nodes tends to imply that they belong to the same class. However, while this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Andreea Deac , Jian Tang

The problem of multi-task regression over graph nodes has been recently approached through Graph-Instructed Neural Network (GINN), which is a promising architecture belonging to the subset of message-passing graph neural networks. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Francesco Della Santa , Antonio Mastropietro , Sandra Pieraccini , Francesco Vaccarino

We present a novel learning-based approach to graph representations of road networks employing state-of-the-art graph convolutional neural networks. Our approach is applied to realistic road networks of 17 cities from Open Street Map. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Zahra Gharaee , Shreyas Kowshik , Oliver Stromann , Michael Felsberg