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Federated learning (FL) is a powerful distributed machine learning framework where a server aggregates models trained by different clients without accessing their private data. Hierarchical FL, with a client-edge-cloud aggregation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Lumin Liu , Jun Zhang , Shenghui Song , Khaled B. Letaief

Motivated by the growing proliferation of federated learning (FL) in edge environments, we present the first systematic characterization of transport-layer breaking points in FL systems operating under conditions of highly constrained…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Mike Mwanje , Okemawo Obadofin , Theophilus Benson , Joao Barros

In practical federated learning (FL), the large communication overhead between clients and the server is often a significant bottleneck. Gradient compression methods can effectively reduce this overhead, while error feedback (EF) restores…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Diying Yang , Yingwei Hou , Weigang Wu

Accurate channel modeling is essential for realizing the potential of terahertz (THz) communications in 6G indoor networks, where existing models struggle with severe frequency selectivity and multipath effects. We propose a physically…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Ziang Zhao , Weixi Liang , Kai Hu , Qun Zhang , Xiongbin Yu , Qiang Li

Federated Learning (FL) has recently received a lot of attention for large-scale privacy-preserving machine learning. However, high communication overheads due to frequent gradient transmissions decelerate FL. To mitigate the communication…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Milad Khademi Nori , Sangseok Yun , Il-Min Kim

The use of Terahertz (THz) frequency bands for data transmissions between the core network and an access point can be promising for next generation wireless systems. In this paper, we analyze the performance of a dual-hop relaying for…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Pranay Bhardwaj , S. M. Zafaruddin

The Terahertz (THz) band (0.1-10 THz) has emerged as a critical frontier for future communication systems, offering ultra-wide bandwidths that enable Terabits-per-second (Tbps) wireless links and high-precision sensing and imaging. However,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-27 Chong Han , Jingting Jiang , Zhengdong Hu , Meixia Tao , Wenjun Zhang

Federated learning (FL) is a popular machine learning technique that enables multiple users to collaboratively train a model while maintaining the user data privacy. A significant challenge in FL is the communication bottleneck in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Elissa Mhanna , Mohamad Assaad

Terahertz (THz) band communications and integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) are two main facets of the sixth generation wireless networks. In order to compensate the severe attenuation, the THz wireless systems employ large arrays,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-20 Ahmet M. Elbir , Abdulkadir Celik , Ahmed M. Eltawil

Terahertz (THz) band is expected to be one of the key enabling technologies of the sixth generation (6G) wireless networks because of its abundant available bandwidth and very narrow beam width. Due to high frequency operations,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Ahmet M. Elbir , Wei Shi , Anastasios K. Papazafeiropoulos , Pandelis Kourtessis , Symeon Chatzinotas

The prospects of utilizing single-carrier (SC) and multi-carrier (MC) waveforms in future terahertz (THz)-band communication systems remain unresolved. On the one hand, the limited multi-path components at high frequencies result in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Simon Tarboush , Hadi Sarieddeen , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

Terahertz (THz) communication offers ultra-high data rates and has emerged as a promising technology for future wireless networks. However, the inherently high free-space path loss of THz waves significantly limits the coverage range of THz…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Ben Chen , Zhangdui Zhong , Ke Guan , Danping He , Yiran Wang , Jianwen Ding , Qi Luo

The performance of federated learning (FL) over wireless networks critically depends on accurate and timely channel state information (CSI) across distributed devices. This requirement is tightly linked to how rapidly the channel gains…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Mehdi Karbalayghareh , David J. Love , Christopher G. Brinton

Federated learning (FL) has been recognized as a viable distributed learning paradigm which trains a machine learning model collaboratively with massive mobile devices in the wireless edge while protecting user privacy. Although various…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Yanmeng Wang , Yanqing Xu , Qingjiang Shi , Tsung-Hui Chang

This article focuses on the near-field effect in terahertz (THz) communications and sensing systems. By equipping with extremely large-scale antenna arrays (ELAAs), the near-field region in THz systems can be possibly extended to hundreds…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Zhaolin Wang , Xidong Mu , Yuanwei Liu

Almost all existing hierarchical federated learning (FL) models are limited to two aggregation layers, restricting scalability and flexibility in complex, large-scale networks. In this work, we propose a Multi-Layer Hierarchical Federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Seyed Mohammad Azimi-Abarghouyi , Carlo Fischione

In the era of advanced technologies, mobile devices are equipped with computing and sensing capabilities that gather excessive amounts of data. These amounts of data are suitable for training different learning models. Cooperated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Muhammad Asad , Ahmed Moustafa , Takayuki Ito , Muhammad Aslam

Terahertz (THz) communication is considered as an attractive way to overcome the bandwidth bottleneck and satisfy the ever-increasing capacity demand in the future. Due to the high directivity and propagation loss of THz waves, a massive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Boyu Ning , Zhi Chen , Zhongbao Tian , Chong Han , Shaoqian Li

In Federated Learning (FL), with parameter aggregated by a central node, the communication overhead is a substantial concern. To circumvent this limitation and alleviate the single point of failure within the FL framework, recent studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Zhigang Yan , Dong Li

Terahertz (THz) communications is considered as one of key solutions to support extremely high data demand in 6G. One main difficulty of the THz communication is the severe signal attenuation caused by the foliage loss, oxygen/atmospheric…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-14 Jinhong Kim , Yongjun Ahn , Seungnyun Kim , Byonghyo Shim