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Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed task automation and content generation across various domains while incorporating safety filters to prevent misuse. We introduce a novel jailbreaking framework that employs distributed prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Johan Wahréus , Ahmed Hussain , Panos Papadimitratos

Large Language Models(LLMs) have been successful in numerous fields. Alignment has usually been applied to prevent them from harmful purposes. However, aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that deliberately mislead them into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shang Liu , Hanyu Pei , Zeyan Liu

Causal inference has been a pivotal challenge across diverse domains such as medicine and economics, demanding a complicated integration of human knowledge, mathematical reasoning, and data mining capabilities. Recent advancements in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jing Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) are acquiring a wider range of capabilities, including understanding and responding in multiple languages. While they undergo safety training to prevent them from answering illegal questions, imbalances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Likai Tang , Niruth Bogahawatta , Yasod Ginige , Jiarui Xu , Shixuan Sun , Surangika Ranathunga , Suranga Seneviratne

We assess the ability of large language models (LLMs) to answer causal questions by analyzing their strengths and weaknesses against three types of causal question. We believe that current LLMs can answer causal questions with existing…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized content creation across digital platforms, offering unprecedented capabilities in natural language generation and understanding. These models enable beneficial applications such as content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Chi Zhang , Changjia Zhu , Junjie Xiong , Xiaoran Xu , Lingyao Li , Yao Liu , Zhuo Lu

The safe deployment of large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes fields like biomedicine, requires them to be able to reason about cause and effect. We investigate this ability by testing 13 open-source LLMs on a fundamental task:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sydney Anuyah , Sneha Shajee-Mohan , Ankit-Singh Chauhan , Sunandan Chakraborty

The systems and software powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-Modal LLMs (MLLMs) have played a critical role in numerous scenarios. However, current LLM systems are vulnerable to prompt-based attacks, with jailbreaking attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Xiaoyu Zhang , Cen Zhang , Tianlin Li , Yihao Huang , Xiaojun Jia , Ming Hu , Jie Zhang , Yang Liu , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

We present a novel black-box jailbreaking framework that integrates multiple LLM-as-Attacker strategies to deliver highly transferable and effective attacks. The framework is grounded in three key insights from prior jailbreaking research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Yiqi Yang , Hongye Fu

TThis paper argues that \textbf{a comprehensive vulnerability analysis is essential for building trustworthy Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-MAS)}. These systems, which consist of multiple LLM-powered agents working…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Juanhui Li , Shen Dong , Zhenwei Dai , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Han Xu , Zhen Xiang , Charu C. Aggarwal , Hui Liu

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has brought about remarkable generative capabilities but also raised concerns about their potential misuse. While strategies like supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Qibing Ren , Chang Gao , Jing Shao , Junchi Yan , Xin Tan , Wai Lam , Lizhuang Ma

Despite the recent successes of large, pretrained neural language models (LLMs), comparatively little is known about the representations of linguistic structure they learn during pretraining, which can lead to unexpected behaviors in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Adam Davies , Jize Jiang , ChengXiang Zhai

Jailbreak vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs), which exploit meticulously crafted prompts to elicit content that violates service guidelines, have captured the attention of research communities. While model owners can defend…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Dongyu Yao , Jianshu Zhang , Ian G. Harris , Marcel Carlsson

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) integrate information from multiple modalities such as text, images, audio, and video, enabling complex capabilities such as visual question answering and audio translation. While powerful, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Bhavuk Jain , Sercan Ö. Arık , Hardeo K. Thakur

Language models for code (CodeLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for code-related tasks, outperforming traditional methods and standard machine learning approaches. However, these models are susceptible to security vulnerabilities, drawing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuchen Chen , Weisong Sun , Chunrong Fang , Zhenpeng Chen , Yifei Ge , Tingxu Han , Quanjun Zhang , Yang Liu , Zhenyu Chen , Baowen Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown their success in language understanding and reasoning on general topics. However, their capability to perform inference based on user-specified structured data and knowledge in corpus-rare concepts,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haitao Jiang , Lin Ge , Yuhe Gao , Jianian Wang , Rui Song

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) extend text-only LLMs with visual reasoning, but also introduce new safety failure modes under visually grounded instructions. We study comic-template jailbreaks that embed harmful goals inside…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Rui Yang Tan , Yujia Hu , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

With the significant advancement of Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs), concerns about their potential misuse and abuse have grown rapidly. Previous studies have highlighted VLMs' vulnerability to jailbreak attacks, where carefully crafted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Yu Wang , Xiaofei Zhou , Yichen Wang , Geyuan Zhang , Tianxing He

Recent research on large language model (LLM) jailbreaks has primarily focused on techniques that bypass safety mechanisms to elicit overtly harmful outputs. However, such efforts often overlook attacks that exploit the model's capacity for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhaoxin Zhang , Borui Chen , Yiming Hu , Youyang Qu , Tianqing Zhu , Longxiang Gao

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents with function-calling capabilities are increasingly deployed, but remain vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks that hijack their tool calls. In response, numerous IPI-centric defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Zimo Ji , Xunguang Wang , Zongjie Li , Pingchuan Ma , Yudong Gao , Daoyuan Wu , Xincheng Yan , Tian Tian , Shuai Wang
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