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Efficiency, specialization, and adaptability to new data distributions are qualities that are hard to combine in current Large Language Models. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has been the focus of significant research because its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Nikolas Gritsch , Qizhen Zhang , Acyr Locatelli , Sara Hooker , Ahmet Üstün

Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures significantly enhance the capacity of LLMs without proportional increases in computation, but at the cost of a vast parameter size. Offloading MoE expert parameters to host memory and leveraging both…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zeyu Zhu , Gang Li , Peisong Wang , Zitao Mo , Minnan Pei , Zhuoran Song , Xiaoyao Liang , Jian Cheng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models promise efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a small subset of experts per token, but their parallelized inference pipelines make elastic serving challenging. Existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Gursimran Singh , Timothy Yu , Haley Li , Cheng Chen , Hanieh Sadri , Qintao Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ying Xiong , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enables efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) with sparsely activated experts during inference. To effectively deploy large MoE models on memory-constrained devices, many systems introduce *expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingcong Liang , Siyuan Wang , Miren Tian , Yitong Li , Duyu Tang , Zhongyu Wei

Large Mixture of Experts (MoE) models could achieve state-of-the-art quality on various language tasks, including machine translation task, thanks to the efficient model scaling capability with expert parallelism. However, it has brought a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Young Jin Kim , Raffy Fahim , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs face significant obstacles due to their massive parameter scale, which imposes memory, storage, and deployment challenges. Although recent expert merging methods promise greater efficiency by consolidating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Lujun Li , Zhu Qiyuan , Jiacheng Wang , Wei Li , Hao Gu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising approach to scale Large Language Models (LLMs). MoE boosts the efficiency by activating a subset of experts per token. Recent works show that fine-grained experts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zheyue Tan , Zhiyuan Li , Tao Yuan , Dong Zhou , Weilin Liu , Yueqing Zhuang , Yadong Li , Guowei Niu , Cheng Qin , Zhuyu Yao , Congyi Liu , Haiyang Xu , Boxun Li , Guohao Dai , Bo Zhao , Yu Wang

Conventional large language models (LLMs) are equipped with dozens of GB to TB of model parameters, making inference highly energy-intensive and costly as all the weights need to be loaded to onboard processing elements during computation.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Wei-Hsing Huang , Janak Sharda , Cheng-Jhih Shih , Yuyao Kong , Faaiq Waqar , Pin-Jun Chen , Yingyan , Lin , Shimeng Yu

The emergence of large-scale Mixture of Experts (MoE) models represents a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, offering enhanced model capacity and computational efficiency through conditional computation. However, deploying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Jiacheng Liu , Peng Tang , Wenfeng Wang , Yuhang Ren , Xiaofeng Hou , Pheng-Ann Heng , Minyi Guo , Chao Li

Mixture of Experts (MoE) has become a mainstream architecture for building Large Language Models (LLMs) by reducing per-token computation while enabling model scaling. It can be viewed as partitioning a large Feed-Forward Network (FFN) at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Weilin Cai , Le Qin , Shwai He , Junwei Cui , Ang Li , Jiayi Huang

Many studies have revealed that large language models (LLMs) exhibit uneven awareness of different contextual positions. Their limited context awareness can lead to overlooking critical information and subsequent task failures. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Hongzhan Lin , Ang Lv , Yuhan Chen , Chen Zhu , Yang Song , Hengshu Zhu , Rui Yan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layers have emerged as an important tool in scaling up modern neural networks by decoupling total trainable parameters from activated parameters in the forward pass for each token. However, sparse MoEs add…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Tianze Jiang , Blake Bordelon , Cengiz Pehlevan , Boris Hanin

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) paradigm provides a powerful way to decompose dense layers into smaller, modular computations often more amenable to human interpretation, debugging, and editability. However, a major challenge lies in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-18 James Oldfield , Markos Georgopoulos , Grigorios G. Chrysos , Christos Tzelepis , Yannis Panagakis , Mihalis A. Nicolaou , Jiankang Deng , Ioannis Patras

Catastrophic forgetting remains a major obstacle to continual learning in large language models (LLMs) and vision--language models (VLMs). Although Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures offer an efficient path to scaling, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yang Liu , Toan Nguyen , Flora D. Salim

In today's landscape, Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a crucial architecture that has been used by many of the most advanced models. One of the major challenges of MoE models is that they usually require much more memory than their dense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shuning Lin , Yifan He , Yitong Chen

Cross-scene generalizable NeRF models, which can directly synthesize novel views of unseen scenes, have become a new spotlight of the NeRF field. Several existing attempts rely on increasingly end-to-end "neuralized" architectures, i.e.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Wenyan Cong , Hanxue Liang , Peihao Wang , Zhiwen Fan , Tianlong Chen , Mukund Varma , Yi Wang , Zhangyang Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) can scale up beyond traditional deep learning models by employing a routing strategy in which each input is processed by a single "expert" deep learning model. This strategy allows us to scale up the number of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-28 Anastasis Kratsios , Haitz Sáez de Ocáriz Borde , Takashi Furuya , Marc T. Law

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) selects a few feed-forward networks (FFNs) per token, achieving an effective trade-off between computational cost and performance. In conventional MoE, each expert is treated as entirely independent, and experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shota Takashiro , Takeshi Kojima , Shohei Taniguchi , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Training large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models typically requires high-memory, high-bandwidth GPUs (e.g., A100), and their high cost has become a major barrier to large-model training. In contrast, affordable hardware is low-cost but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xin Ye , Daning Cheng , Boyang Zhang , Yunquan Zhang

Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) models have obtained state-of-the-art performance in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) tasks. Existing works in MoE mostly consider a homogeneous design where the same number of experts of the same size are placed…