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The proposed space-borne laser interferometric gravitational wave (GW) observatory TianQin adopts a geocentric orbit for its nearly equilateral triangular constellation formed by three identical drag-free satellites. The geocentric distance…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-02 Ming-Yue Zhou , Xin-Chun Hu , Bobing Ye , Shoucun Hu , Dong-Dong Zhu , Xuefeng Zhang , Wei Su , Yan Wang

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the heterodyne Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. The space of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-26 Massimo Tinto , Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Dishari Malakar

Time delay interferometry (TDI) is a key technique employed in gravitational wave (GW) space missions to mitigate laser frequency noise by combining multiple laser links and establishing an equivalent equal arm interferometry. The null…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-10 Gang Wang

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique needed for generating interferometric combinations of data measured by the multiple Doppler readouts available onboard the three LISA spacecraft. Within the space of all…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Massimo Tinto , Shane L. Larson

A crucial challenge to the ongoing endeavor of spaceborne gravitational wave (GW) detection resides in the laser phase noise, typically 7 to 8 orders of magnitude above the inevitable noise. The arm locking technique was proposed to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-07 Pan-Pan Wang , Wei-Liang Qian , Han-Zhong Wu , Yu-Jie Tan , Cheng-Gang Shao

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the one-way Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. In a previous…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-18 Massimo Tinto , Sanjeev Dhurandhar

We report for the first time general geometrical expressions for the angular resolution of an arbitrary network of interferometric gravitational-wave (GW) detectors when the arrival-time of a GW is unknown. We show explicitly elements that…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-13 Linqing Wen , Yanbei Chen

The space-based gravitational-wave observatory LISA relies on a form of synthetic interferometry (time-delay interferometry, or TDI) where the otherwise overwhelming laser phase noise is canceled by linear combinations of appropriately…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-04-28 Michele Vallisneri , Jean-Baptiste Bayle , Stanislav Babak , Antoine Petiteau

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the one-way Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. By taking finite…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-11 Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Prasanna Joshi , Massimo Tinto

LISA will detect gravitational waves (GWs) in the milli-Hz frequency band in space. Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is developed to suppress laser frequency noise beneath the acceleration noise and optical metrology noise. To identify…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-30 Gang Wang , Bin Li , Peng Xu , Xilong Fan

Spaceborne gravitational-wave observatories utilize a postprocessing technique known as time-delay interferometry (TDI) to reduce the otherwise overwhelming laser frequency noise by around 8 orders of magnitude. While, in its traditional…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-11 Kohei Yamamoto , Jan Niklas Reinhardt , Olaf Hartwig

With a laser interferometric gravitational-wave detector in separate free flying spacecraft, the only way to achieve detection is to mitigate the dominant noise arising from the frequency fluctuations of the lasers via postprocessing. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-27 Quentin Baghi , John Baker , Jacob Slutsky , James Ira Thorpe

Experimental projects using spherical antennas to detect gravitational waves are nowdays a concrete reality. The main purpose of this paper is to give a possible way of interpreting output data from such a system. Responses of the five…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Maria Alice Gasparini

Equal-arm interferometric detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-25 Massimo Tinto , Sanjeev V. Dhurandhar

In this article, which will appear as a chapter in the Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, we will describe the detection of gravitational waves with space-based interferometric gravitational wave observatories. We will provide an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-27 Jonathan R Gair , Martin Hewitson , Antoine Petiteau , Guido Mueller

Laser frequency noise (LFN) is the dominant source of noise expected in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, at $\sim$7 orders of magnitude greater than the typical signal expected from gravitational waves (GWs).…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-10-13 Jessica Page , Tyson Littenberg

Tilt-to-length (TTL) noise induced by angular jitter of spacecraft and test masses can affect the sensitivity of space-based gravitational-wave detectors such as LISA, Taiji, and TianQin. Such angular jitter can be measured using the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-09 Xue Wang , Gang Wang

The future space-based gravitational wave observatory LISA will consist of a constellation of three spacecraft in a triangular constellation, connected by laser interferometers with 2.5 million-kilometer arms. Among other challenges, the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-27 Quentin Baghi , James Ira Thorpe , Jacob Slutsky , John Baker

We evaluate the potential for gravitational-wave (GW) detection in the frequency band from 10 nHz to 1 $\mu$Hz using extremely high-precision astrometry of a small number of stars. In particular, we argue that non-magnetic, photometrically…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-06 Michael A. Fedderke , Peter W. Graham , Bruce Macintosh , Surjeet Rajendran

TDI is essential in space-based GW detectors, effectively reducing laser noise and improving detection precision. Space-based GW detectors provide a unique opportunity to probe GW polarizations, including possible additional modes that may…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-31 Jie Wu , Mengfei Sun , Jin Li