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Open-ended questions test a more thorough understanding than closed-ended questions and are often a preferred assessment method. However, open-ended questions are tedious to grade and subject to personal bias. Therefore, there have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Gérôme Meyer , Philip Breuer , Jonathan Fürst

Automatic grading of subjective questions remains a significant challenge in examination assessment due to the diversity in question formats and the open-ended nature of student responses. Existing works primarily focus on a specific type…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fanwei Zhua , Jiaxuan He , Xiaoxiao Chen , Zulong Chen , Quan Lu , Chenrui Mei

Providing rich, constructive feedback to students is essential for supporting and enhancing their learning. Recent advancements in Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly with large language models (LLMs), present new…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Euan D Lindsay , Mike Zhang , Aditya Johri , Johannes Bjerva

In the era of MOOCs, online exams are taken by millions of candidates, where scoring short answers is an integral part. It becomes intractable to evaluate them by human graders. Thus, a generic automated system capable of grading these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Yaman Kumar , Swati Aggarwal , Debanjan Mahata , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Roger Zimmermann

Text-based open-ended questions in academic formative and summative assessments help students become deep learners and prepare them to understand concepts for a subsequent conceptual assessment. However, grading text-based questions,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Rujun Gao , Hillary E. Merzdorf , Saira Anwar , M. Cynthia Hipwell , Arun Srinivasa

Students in introductory physics courses often rely on ineffective strategies, focusing on final answers rather than understanding underlying principles. Integrating scientific argumentation into problem-solving fosters critical thinking…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-21 Winter Allen , Anand Shanker , N. Sanjay Rebello

This paper explores the use of large language models (LLMs) to score and explain short-answer assessments in K-12 science. While existing methods can score more structured math and computer science assessments, they often do not provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Clayton Cohn , Nicole Hutchins , Tuan Le , Gautam Biswas

The rapid advancements in large language models and generative artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities are making their broad application in the high-stakes testing context more likely. Use of generative AI in the scoring of constructed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jodi M. Casabianca , Daniel F. McCaffrey , Matthew S. Johnson , Naim Alper , Vladimir Zubenko

This research prepares an automatic pipeline for generating reliable question-answer (Q&A) tests using AI chatbots. We automatically generated a GPT-4o-mini-based Q&A test for a Natural Language Processing course and evaluated its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Anna Wróblewska , Bartosz Grabek , Jakub Świstak , Daniel Dan

Timely formative feedback is considered as one of the most important drivers for effective learning. Delivering timely and individualized feedback is particularly challenging in large classes in higher education. Recently Large Language…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Imen Azaiz , Oliver Deckarm , Sven Strickroth

Background: Over the past few decades, the process and methodology of automated question generation (AQG) have undergone significant transformations. Recent progress in generative natural language models has opened up new potential in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Dominic Lohr , Marc Berges , Abhishek Chugh , Michael Kohlhase , Dennis Müller

Designing high-quality educational questions is a challenging and time-consuming task. In this work, we propose a novel approach that utilizes prompt-based techniques to generate descriptive and reasoning-based questions. However, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Subhankar Maity , Aniket Deroy , Sudeshna Sarkar

Automatic short answer scoring (ASAS) helps reduce the grading burden on educators but often lacks detailed, explainable feedback. Existing methods in ASAS with feedback (ASAS-F) rely on fine-tuning language models with limited datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Menna Fateen , Bo Wang , Tsunenori Mine

Recent advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) have shown promise in accurately grading open-ended student responses. However, few prior works have explored grading handwritten responses due to a lack of data and the challenge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Adriana Caraeni , Alexander Scarlatos , Andrew Lan

Since the advent of GPT-3.5 in 2022, Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has shown tremendous potential in STEM education, particularly in providing real-time, customized feedback to students in large-enrollment courses. A crucial skill…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-09-11 Amogh Sirnoorkar , N. Sanjay Rebello

Automatic short answer grading (ASAG), which autonomously score student answers according to reference answers, provides a cost-effective and consistent approach to teaching professionals and can reduce their monotonous and tedious grading…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Tiaoqiao Liu , Wenbiao Ding , Zhiwei Wang , Jiliang Tang , Gale Yan Huang , Zitao Liu

Generative AI systems such as ChatGPT challenge traditional assumptions about academic assessment by enabling students to generate explanations, code, and solutions in real time. Rather than attempting to restrict AI use, this study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Qusay H. Mahmoud

We study approaches to improve fine-grained short answer Question Answering models by integrating coarse-grained data annotated for paragraph-level relevance and show that coarsely annotated data can bring significant performance gains.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Hao Cheng , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , Ankur Parikh , Michael Collins , Kristina Toutanova

This tutorial addresses the challenge of incorporating large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, in a data analytics class. It details several new in-class and out-of-class teaching techniques enabled by AI. For example, instructors…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Robert L. Bray

The advent of large language models (LLMs) in the education sector has provided impetus to automate grading short answer questions. LLMs make evaluating short answers very efficient, thus addressing issues like staff shortage. However, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Niharika Dadu , Harsh Vardhan Singh , Romi Banerjee