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Immediate feedback is a foundational requirement of effective AI-mediated learning, yet the energy and latency costs of delivering it remain largely unexamined. This study investigates the latency-energy-learning trade-off in AI tutoring…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kushal Khemani

Broad adoption of Large Language Models (LLM) demands rapid expansions of cloud LLM inference clusters, leading to accumulation of embodied carbon$-$the emissions from manufacturing and supplying IT assets$-$that mostly concentrate on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Tharindu B. Hewage , Shashikant Ilager , Maria Rodriguez Read , Rajkumar Buyya

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved huge success in the natural language processing (NLP) field, driving a growing demand to extend their deployment from the cloud to edge devices. However, deploying LLMs on…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Yanbiao Liang , Huihong Shi , Haikuo Shao , Zhongfeng Wang

We study the problem of optimizing Large Language Model (LLM) inference scheduling to minimize total latency. LLM inference is an online and multi-task service process and also heavily energy consuming by which a pre-trained LLM processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zixi Chen , Yinyu Ye , Zijie Zhou

The efficiency of Large Language Model~(LLM) inference is often constrained by substantial memory bandwidth and capacity demands. Existing techniques, such as pruning, quantization, and mixture of experts/depth, reduce memory capacity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Rui Xie , Asad Ul Haq , Linsen Ma , Yunhua Fang , Zirak Burzin Engineer , Liu Liu , Tong Zhang

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

Large language models (LLMs) deployed on edge servers are increasingly used in latency-sensitive applications such as personalized assistants, recommendation, and content moderation. However, the non-stationary nature of user data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yufei Li , Yu Fu , Yue Dong , Cong Liu

The proliferation of IoT devices in smart cities challenges 6G networks with conflicting energy-latency requirements across heterogeneous slices. Existing approaches struggle with the energy-latency trade-off, particularly for massive scale…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Amine Abouaomar , Badr Ben Elallid , Nabil Benamar

Edge inference for large language models (LLM) offers secure, low-latency, and cost-effective inference solutions. We emphasize that an edge accelerator should achieve high area efficiency and minimize external memory access (EMA) during…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chun-Ting Chen , HanGyeol Mun , Jian Meng , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Jae-sun Seo

Large language models (LLMs) are transforming society, powering applications from smartphone assistants to autonomous driving. Yet cloud-based LLM services alone cannot serve a growing class of applications, including those operating under…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Liangqi Yuan , Wenzhi Fang , Shiqiang Wang , H. Vincent Poor , Christopher G. Brinton

Edge-cloud collaborative inference is becoming a practical necessity for LLM-powered edge devices: on-device models often cannot afford the required reasoning capability, while cloud-only inference could be prohibitively costly and slow…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jiangwen Dong , Jiayu Li , Tianhang Zheng , Wanyu Lin

Federated Learning (FL) over wireless network enables data-conscious services by leveraging the ubiquitous intelligence at network edge for privacy-preserving model training. As the proliferation of context-aware services, the diversified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Y. Li , X. Qin , H. Chen , K. Han , P. Zhang

Aligning future system design with the ever-increasing compute needs of large language models (LLMs) is undoubtedly an important problem in today's world. Here, we propose a general performance modeling methodology and workload analysis of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Joyjit Kundu , Wenzhe Guo , Ali BanaGozar , Udari De Alwis , Sourav Sengupta , Puneet Gupta , Arindam Mallik

This article surveys Cognitive Edge Computing as a practical and methodical pathway for deploying reasoning-capable Large Language Models (LLMs) and autonomous AI agents on resource-constrained devices at the network edge. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Xubin Wang , Qing Li , Weijia Jia

The rapid advancement of AI technologies and their accelerated adoption in software development necessitates a systematic evaluation of their environmental impact alongside functional correctness. While prior studies have examined…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mohammadjavad Mehditabar , Saurabhsingh Rajput , Antonio Mastropaolo , Tushar Sharma

A significant portion of the energy consumed by Large Language Models (LLMs) arises from their inference processes; hence developing energy-efficient methods for inference is crucial. While several techniques exist for inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Soham Poddar , Paramita Koley , Janardan Misra , Sanjay Podder , Navveen Balani , Niloy Ganguly , Saptarshi Ghosh

Large language model (LLM) inference at the network edge is a promising serving paradigm that leverages distributed edge resources to run inference near users and enhance privacy. Existing edge-based LLM inference systems typically adopt…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Bingjie Zhu , Zhixiong Chen , Liqiang Zhao , Hyundong Shin , Arumugam Nallanathan

Edge computing systems struggle to efficiently manage multiple concurrent deep neural network (DNN) workloads while meeting strict latency requirements, minimizing power consumption, and maintaining environmental sustainability. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Varatheepan Paramanayakam , Andreas Karatzas , Dimitrios Stamoulis , Iraklis Anagnostopoulos

Since emerging edge applications such as Internet of Things (IoT) analytics and augmented reality have tight latency constraints, hardware AI accelerators have been recently proposed to speed up deep neural network (DNN) inference run by…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Qianlin Liang , Walid A. Hanafy , Ahmed Ali-Eldin , Prashant Shenoy

Generative large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional capabilities in various AI tasks. Traditionally deployed in cloud datacenters, LLMs are now increasingly moving towards more accessible…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Shengyuan Ye , Bei Ouyang , Liekang Zeng , Tianyi Qian , Xiaowen Chu , Jian Tang , Xu Chen
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