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KV cache quantization reduces the memory cost of long-context LLM inference, but introduces approximation error that is typically validated only empirically. Existing systems rely on average-case robustness, with no mechanism to detect or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Dean Calver

Efficiently serving large language models (LLMs) requires batching of many requests to reduce the cost per request. Yet, with larger batch sizes and longer context lengths, the key-value (KV) cache, which stores attention keys and values to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Zirui Liu , Jiayi Yuan , Hongye Jin , Shaochen Zhong , Zhaozhuo Xu , Vladimir Braverman , Beidi Chen , Xia Hu

Compressing the KV cache is a required step to deploy large language models on edge devices. Current quantization methods compress storage but fail to reduce bandwidth as attention calculation requires dequantizing keys from INT4/INT8 to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Aryan Karmore

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have already achieved remarkable results on long-text tasks, but the limited GPU memory (VRAM) resources struggle to accommodate the linearly growing demand for key-value (KV) cache as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shibo Jie , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Zhi-Hong Deng , Jing Han

Large language models (LLMs) are typically served from clusters of GPUs/NPUs that consist of large number of devices. Unfortunately, communication between these devices incurs significant overhead, increasing the inference latency and cost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ahmet Caner Yüzügüler , Jiawei Zhuang , Lukas Cavigelli

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across a wide range of practical applications. However, long-context inference remains a significant challenge due to the substantial memory requirements…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Xubin He , Sheng Di , Sian Jin

The key-value (KV) cache in transformer models is a critical component for efficient decoding or inference, yet its memory demands scale poorly with sequence length, posing a major challenge for scalable deployment of large language models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Vinay Joshi , Pratik Prabhanjan Brahma , Zicheng Liu , Emad Barsoum

Transformer models have driven breakthroughs across various language tasks by their strong capability to learn rich contextual representations. Scaling them to improve representation, however, often demands substantial memory and compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Zhoutong Wu , Yuan Zhang , Yiming Dong , Chenheng Zhang , Cong Fang , Kun Yuan , Zhouchen Lin

Efficient inference with Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly relies on Key-Value (KV) caches to store previously computed key and value vectors at each layer. These caches are essential to minimize redundant computation during…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Oteo Mamo , Olga Kogiou , Hyunjin Yi , Weikuan Yu

The growth of long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly increases memory and bandwidth pressure during autoregressive decoding due to the expanding Key-Value (KV) cache. While accuracy-preserving KV-cache quantization (e.g.,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Dayou Du , Shijie Cao , Jianyi Cheng , Luo Mai , Ting Cao , Mao Yang

The impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) come at the cost of substantial computational resources during deployment. While KV Cache can significantly reduce recomputation during inference, it also introduces additional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yi Su , Yuechi Zhou , Quantong Qiu , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

The key-value (KV) cache in the tensor version of transformers presents a significant bottleneck during inference. While previous work analyzes the fundamental space complexity barriers in standard attention mechanisms [Haris and Onak,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Yifang Chen , Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Yu Tian

Global KV-cache sharing is an effective optimization for accelerating large language model (LLM) inference, yet it introduces an API-visible timing side channel that lets adversaries infer sensitive user inputs from shared entries, leading…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Kexin Chu , Zecheng Lin , Dawei Xiang , Zixu Shen , Jianchang Su , Cheng Chu , Yiwei Yang , Wenhui Zhang , Wenfei Wu , Wei Zhang

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

Withtherapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), the context length for inference has been continuously increasing, leading to an exponential growth in the demand for Key-Value (KV) caching. This has resulted in a significant…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yanyu Liu , Jingying Fu , Sixiang Liu , Yitian Zou , You Fu , Jiehan Zhou , Shouhua Zhang

The growing context length of Large Language Models (LLMs) enlarges the Key-Value (KV) cache, limiting deployment in resource-limited environments. Prior training-free approaches for KV cache compression typically rely on low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yixuan Wang , Qingyu Shi , Jiayu Zhou , Dianbo Liu , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive potential in various practical applications. However, long context inference poses a significant challenge due to the enormous memory requirements of the key-value (KV)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Chengming Zhang , Xubin He , Sian Jin

We describe KVLink, an approach for efficient key-value (KV) cache reuse in large language models (LLMs). In many LLM applications, different inputs can share overlapping context, such as the same retrieved document appearing in multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jingbo Yang , Bairu Hou , Wei Wei , Yujia Bao , Shiyu Chang

Key-Value (KV) cache has become a de facto component of modern Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) for inference. While it enhances decoding efficiency in Large Language Models (LLMs), its direct adoption in LVLMs introduces substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xihao Chen , Yangyang Guo , Roger Zimmermann

Remote KV cache reuse fetches KV cache for identical contexts from remote storage, avoiding recomputation, accelerating LLM inference. While it excels in high-speed networks, its performance degrades significantly in bandwidth-limited…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Liang Mi , Weijun Wang , Jinghan Chen , Ting Cao , Haipeng Dai , Yunxin Liu