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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for annotation in computational social science, yet their methodological reliability under prompt variation remains unclear. This paper introduces Inter-Prompt Reliability (IPR), a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jingyuan Liu

Consider the problem of testing whether the outputs of a large language model (LLM) system change under an arbitrary intervention, such as an input perturbation or changing the model variant. We cannot simply compare two LLM outputs since…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Paulius Rauba , Qiyao Wei , Mihaela van der Schaar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in real-world applications, driving the need to evaluate the trustworthiness of their generated text. To this end, reliable uncertainty estimation is essential. Leading uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lukas Aichberger , Kajetan Schweighofer , Sepp Hochreiter

Large language models (LLMs) power many state-of-the-art systems in natural language processing. However, these models are extremely computationally expensive, even at inference time, raising the natural question: when is the extra cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Deepak Narayanan , Keshav Santhanam , Peter Henderson , Rishi Bommasani , Tony Lee , Percy Liang

The application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software engineering, particularly in static analysis tasks, represents a paradigm shift in the field. In this paper, we investigate the role that current LLMs can play in improving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Ashwin Prasad Shivarpatna Venkatesh , Samkutty Sabu , Amir M. Mir , Sofia Reis , Eric Bodden

Recent work has investigated the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) as zero-shot models for generating individual-level characteristics (e.g., to serve as risk models or augment survey datasets). However, when should a user have…

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as consumers of API specifications, whether for code generation, autonomous agent interaction, or API-assisted reasoning. The de facto standard for API description, OpenAPI, was designed for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Daniel Garcia

Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant promise in automating software vulnerability analysis, a critical task given the impact of security failure of modern software systems. However, current approaches in using LLMs to automate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Sangryu Park , Gihyuk Ko , Homook Cho

The landscape of Large Language Models (LLMs) shifts rapidly towards dynamic, multi-agent systems. This introduces a fundamental challenge in establishing computational trust, specifically how one agent can verify that another's output was…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zan-Kai Chong , Hiroyuki Ohsaki , Bryan Ng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized human-AI interaction by enabling intuitive task execution through natural language prompts. Despite their potential, designing effective prompts remains a significant challenge, as small…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yuetian Mao , Junjie He , Chunyang Chen

Software qualities such as usability or reliability are among the strongest determinants of mobile app user satisfaction and constitute a significant portion of online user feedback on software products, making it a valuable source of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Eduard C. Groen , Fabiano Dalpiaz , Martijn van Vliet , Boris Winter , Joerg Doerr , Sjaak Brinkkemper

Malformed, missing, or boundary-value inputs in microservice APIs can cascade across dependent services, threatening reliability. Robustness testing systematically exercises such inputs to expose server-side failures, but generating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Hrushitha Goud Tigulla , Marco Vieira

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse domains, raising the need for rigorous reliability assessment methods. Existing benchmark-based evaluations primarily offer descriptive statistics of model accuracy over…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou , Qing Guo , Siddartha Khastgir , Peter Popov , Xiaoge Zhang , Xingyu Zhao

LLM prompting is widely used for naturally stated tasks, yet it is unreliable it may succeed on a few test cases but fail at deployment time. We study performance prediction: given a program, either symbolic (e.g. Python) or a prompt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chengqi Zheng , Keya Hu , Shuzhi Liu , Tao Wu , Kevin Ellis , Yewen Pu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are used for many tasks, including those related to coding. An important aspect of being able to utilize LLMs is the ability to assess their fitness for specific usages. The common practice is to evaluate LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Marcel Zalmanovici , Orna Raz , Eitan Farchi , Iftach Freund

LLM agents have begun to appear as personal assistants, customer service bots, and clinical aides. While these applications deliver substantial operational benefits, they also require continuous access to sensitive data, which increases the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Saswat Das , Jameson Sandler , Ferdinando Fioretto

System logs are a cornerstone of cybersecurity, supporting proactive breach prevention and post-incident investigations. However, analyzing vast amounts of diverse log data remains significantly challenging, as high costs, lack of in-house…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Peng Cai , Reza Ryan , Nickson M. Karie

In the digital era, accidental exposure of sensitive information such as API keys, tokens, and credentials is a growing security threat. While most prior work focuses on detecting secrets in source code, leakage in software issue reports…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Sadif Ahmed , Md Nafiu Rahman , Zahin Wahab , Gias Uddin , Rifat Shahriyar

The LLMJudge challenge is organized as part of the LLM4Eval workshop at SIGIR 2024. Test collections are essential for evaluating information retrieval (IR) systems. The evaluation and tuning of a search system is largely based on relevance…

Small language models (SLMs), despite their widespread adoption in modern smart devices, have received significantly less academic attention compared to their large language model (LLM) counterparts, which are predominantly deployed in data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Zhenyan Lu , Xiang Li , Dongqi Cai , Rongjie Yi , Fangming Liu , Xiwen Zhang , Nicholas D. Lane , Mengwei Xu