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Related papers: In-Context Representation Hijacking

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In-context learning (ICL) ability has emerged with the increasing scale of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to learn input-label mappings from demonstrations and perform well on downstream tasks. However, under the standard ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Yifan Wang , Qingyan Guo , Xinzhe Ni , Chufan Shi , Lemao Liu , Haiyun Jiang , Yujiu Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, however, they remain critically vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful responses violating human values and safety guidelines.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Zhaoqi Wang , Zijian Zhang , Daqing He , Pengtao Kou , Xin Li , Jiamou Liu , Jincheng An , Yong Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being developed and applied, but their widespread use faces challenges. These include aligning LLMs' responses with human values to prevent harmful outputs, which is addressed through safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Bibek Upadhayay , Vahid Behzadan

Safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) is increasingly compromised by jailbreak attacks, which can manipulate these models to generate harmful or unintended content. Investigating these attacks is crucial for uncovering model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Linbao Li , Yannan Liu , Daojing He , Yu Li

As the integration of the Large Language Models (LLMs) into various applications increases, so does their susceptibility to misuse, raising significant security concerns. Numerous jailbreak attacks have been proposed to assess the security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Bijoy Ahmed Saiem , MD Sadik Hossain Shanto , Rakib Ahsan , Md Rafi ur Rashid

Bilingual lexicons map words in one language to their translations in another, and are typically induced by learning linear projections to align monolingual word embedding spaces. In this paper, we show it is possible to produce much higher…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Haoyue Shi , Luke Zettlemoyer , Sida I. Wang

Grounding the common-sense reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) in physical domains remains a pivotal yet unsolved problem for embodied AI. Whereas prior works have focused on leveraging LLMs directly for planning in symbolic spaces,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yanwei Wang , Tsun-Hsuan Wang , Jiayuan Mao , Michael Hagenow , Julie Shah

Natural language processing models are vulnerable to adversarial examples. Previous textual adversarial attacks adopt gradients or confidence scores to calculate word importance ranking and generate adversarial examples. However, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Hai Zhu , Zhaoqing Yang , Weiwei Shang , Yuren Wu

The widespread adoption of thinking mode in large language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced complex task processing capabilities while introducing new security risks. When subjected to jailbreak attacks, the step-by-step reasoning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Fan Yang

LLMs demonstrate performance comparable to human abilities in complex tasks such as mathematical reasoning, but their robustness in mathematical reasoning under minor input perturbations still lacks systematic investigation. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhishen Sun , Guang Dai , Haishan Ye

When LLMs are deployed in sensitive, human-facing settings, it is crucial that they do not output unsafe, biased, or privacy-violating outputs. For this reason, models are both trained and instructed to refuse to answer unsafe prompts such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Leon Lin , Hannah Brown , Kenji Kawaguchi , Michael Shieh

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) undergo safety alignment to suppress harmful content. However, current defenses predominantly target explicit malicious patterns in the input representation, often overlooking the vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Quanchen Zou , Moyang Chen , Zonghao Ying , Wenzhuo Xu , Yisong Xiao , Deyue Zhang , Dongdong Yang , Zhao Liu , Xiangzheng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) employ safety mechanisms to prevent harmful outputs, yet these defenses primarily rely on semantic pattern matching. We show that encoding harmful prompts as coherent mathematical problems -- using formalisms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Haoyu Zhang , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have recently extended their powerful reasoning capabilities to safety checks-using chain-of-thought reasoning to decide whether a request should be answered. While this new approach offers a promising route…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Martin Kuo , Jianyi Zhang , Aolin Ding , Qinsi Wang , Louis DiValentin , Yujia Bao , Wei Wei , Hai Li , Yiran Chen

We discover a novel and surprising phenomenon of unintentional misalignment in reasoning language models (RLMs), which we call self-jailbreaking. Specifically, after benign reasoning training on math or code domains, RLMs will use multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zheng-Xin Yong , Stephen H. Bach

Long-context LLMs can infer objectives that are not stated explicitly. This capability is useful for reasoning over documents, code, retrieved evidence, and tool traces, but it also creates a safety risk: harmful intent can be distributed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yu Fu , Haz Sameen Shahgir , Huanli Gong , Zhipeng Wei , N. Benjamin Erichson , Yue Dong

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks despite their impressive capabilities. Investigating these weaknesses is crucial for robust safety mechanisms. Existing attacks primarily distract LLMs by introducing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Peng Ding , Jun Kuang , Wen Sun , Zongyu Wang , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai , Jiajun Chen , Shujian Huang

The security of Large Language Model (LLM) applications is fundamentally challenged by "form-first" attacks like prompt injection and jailbreaking, where malicious instructions are embedded within user inputs. Conventional defenses, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Dominik Schwarz

Current large language models (LLMs) provide a strong foundation for large-scale user-oriented natural language tasks. A large number of users can easily inject adversarial text or instructions through the user interface, thus causing LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Chong Zhang , Mingyu Jin , Qinkai Yu , Chengzhi Liu , Haochen Xue , Xiaobo Jin

Safety alignment approaches in large language models (LLMs) often lead to the over-refusal of benign queries, significantly diminishing their utility in sensitive scenarios. To address this challenge, we introduce FalseReject, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zhehao Zhang , Weijie Xu , Fanyou Wu , Chandan K. Reddy