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In a Multi-Agent System (MAS), individual agents observe various aspects of the environment and transmit this information to a central entity responsible for aggregating the data and deducing system parameters. To improve overall…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Puspanjali Ghoshal , Ashok Singh Sairam

Large language models (LLMs) are complex artificial intelligence systems capable of understanding, generating and translating human language. They learn language patterns by analyzing large amounts of text data, allowing them to perform…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Biwei Yan , Kun Li , Minghui Xu , Yueyan Dong , Yue Zhang , Zhaochun Ren , Xiuzhen Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) embed sensitive, human-generated data, prompting the need for unlearning methods. Although certified unlearning offers strong privacy guarantees, its restrictive assumptions make it unsuitable for LLMs, giving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Rongzhe Wei , Mufei Li , Mohsen Ghassemi , Eleonora Kreačić , Yifan Li , Xiang Yue , Bo Li , Vamsi K. Potluru , Pan Li , Eli Chien

Recent studies have discovered that large language models (LLM) may be ``fooled'' to output private information, including training data, system prompts, and personally identifiable information, under carefully crafted adversarial prompts.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yuzhou Nie , Zhun Wang , Ye Yu , Xian Wu , Xuandong Zhao , Wenbo Guo , Dawn Song

We investigate practical and scalable algorithms for training large language models (LLMs) with user-level differential privacy (DP) in order to provably safeguard all the examples contributed by each user. We study two variants of DP-SGD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Zachary Charles , Arun Ganesh , Ryan McKenna , H. Brendan McMahan , Nicole Mitchell , Krishna Pillutla , Keith Rush

Split Federated Learning (SFL) has emerged as an efficient alternative to traditional Federated Learning (FL) by reducing client-side computation through model partitioning. However, exchanging of intermediate activations and model updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xingchen Wang , Feijie Wu , Chenglin Miao , Tianchun Li , Haoyu Hu , Qiming Cao , Jing Gao , Lu Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate responses based on user prompts. Often, these prompts may contain highly sensitive information, including personally identifiable information (PII), which could be exposed to third parties hosting these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Shashie Dilhara Batan Arachchige , Hassan Jameel Asghar , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao , Dinusha Vatsalan , Dali Kaafar

The increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) in cloud-based services has raised significant privacy concerns, as user inputs may inadvertently expose sensitive information. Existing text anonymization and de-identification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Shuo Huang , Xingliang Yuan , Gholamreza Haffari , Lizhen Qu

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) on sensitive datasets carries a substantial risk of unintended memorization and leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which can violate privacy regulations and compromise individual…

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced the ability to effectively tackle various downstream NLP tasks and unify these tasks into generative pipelines. On the one hand, powerful language models, trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Haoran Li , Yulin Chen , Jinglong Luo , Jiecong Wang , Hao Peng , Yan Kang , Xiaojin Zhang , Qi Hu , Chunkit Chan , Zenglin Xu , Bryan Hooi , Yangqiu Song

The pretraining and fine-tuning approach has become the leading technique for various NLP applications. However, recent studies reveal that fine-tuning data, due to their sensitive nature, domain-specific characteristics, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Qian Sun , Hanpeng Wu , Xi Sheryl Zhang

Textual data is often represented as real-numbered embeddings in NLP, particularly with the popularity of large language models (LLMs) and Embeddings as a Service (EaaS). However, storing sensitive information as embeddings can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yiyi Chen , Heather Lent , Johannes Bjerva

This paper presents a perfectly secure matrix multiplication (PSMM) protocol for multiparty computation (MPC) of $\mathrm{A}^{\top}\mathrm{B}$ over finite fields. The proposed scheme guarantees correctness and information-theoretic privacy…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Zixuan He , Mohammad Reza Deylam Salehi , Derya Malak , Photios A. Stavrou

To develop effective and efficient graph similarity learning (GSL) models, a series of data-driven neural algorithms have been proposed in recent years. Although GSL models are frequently deployed in privacy-sensitive scenarios, the user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Yupeng Hou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yaliang Li , Ji-Rong Wen

The emergence of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) introduces a new paradigm of explicit reasoning, enabling remarkable advances yet posing unique risks such as reasoning manipulation and information leakage. To mitigate these risks, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jingnan Zheng , Jingjun Xu , Yanzhen Luo , Chenhang Cui , Gelei Deng , Zhenkai Liang , Xiang Wang , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language processing but also pose significant privacy risks by memorizing and leaking Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Existing mitigation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Ahmed Frikha , Muhammad Reza Ar Razi , Krishna Kanth Nakka , Ricardo Mendes , Xue Jiang , Xuebing Zhou

Numerous companies have started offering services based on large language models (LLM), such as ChatGPT, which inevitably raises privacy concerns as users' prompts are exposed to the model provider. Previous research on secure reasoning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Yu Chen , Tingxin Li , Huiming Liu , Yang Yu

Model adaptation is crucial to handle the discrepancy between proxy training data and actual users data received. To effectively perform adaptation, textual data of users is typically stored on servers or their local devices, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Arpita Vats , Zhe Liu , Peng Su , Debjyoti Paul , Yingyi Ma , Yutong Pang , Zeeshan Ahmed , Ozlem Kalinli

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains, traditional data privacy measures prove inadequate for protecting information that is implicit, contextual, or inferable - what we define as semantic privacy.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Baihe Ma , Yanna Jiang , Xu Wang , Guangsheng Yu , Qin Wang , Caijun Sun , Chen Li , Xuelei Qi , Ying He , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining increasing attention due to their exceptional performance across numerous tasks. As a result, the general public utilize them as an influential tool for boosting their productivity while natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Zhigang Kan , Linbo Qiao , Hao Yu , Liwen Peng , Yifu Gao , Dongsheng Li
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