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Efficient key-value (KV) cache management is crucial for the practical deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet existing compression techniques often incur a trade-off between performance degradation and computational overhead. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jang-Hyun Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun

Large language models (LLMs) enable long-context tasks but face efficiency challenges due to the growing key-value (KV) cache. We propose LeanK, a learning-based method that prunes unimportant key (K) cache channels by leveraging static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yike Zhang , Zhiyuan He , Huiqiang Jiang , Chengruidong Zhang , Yuqing Yang , Jianyong Wang , Lili Qiu

$k$-means has historically been positioned primarily as an offline processing primitive, typically used for dataset organization or embedding preprocessing rather than as a first-class component in online systems. In this work, we revisit…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Shuo Yang , Haocheng Xi , Yilong Zhao , Muyang Li , Xiaoze Fan , Jintao Zhang , Han Cai , Yujun Lin , Xiuyu Li , Kurt Keutzer , Song Han , Chenfeng Xu , Ion Stoica

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in various natural language processing (NLP) applications. However, the high memory and computation cost induced by the KV cache limits the inference…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Weikai Xu , Wenxuan Zeng , Qianqian Huang , Meng Li , Ru Huang

Although Key-Value (KV) Cache is essential for efficient large language models (LLMs) inference, its growing memory footprint in long-context scenarios poses a significant bottleneck, making KVCache compression crucial. Current compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jiancai Ye , Jun Liu , Qingchen Li , Tianlang Zhao , Hanbin Zhang , Jiayi Pan , Ningyi Xu , Guohao Dai

Large language models(LLMs) have sparked a new wave of exciting AI applications. Hosting these models at scale requires significant memory resources. One crucial memory bottleneck for the deployment stems from the context window. It is…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in complex multi-agent applications that rely on external function calls. This workload creates severe performance challenges for the KV Cache: spatial contention leads to the eviction…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhuohang Bian , Feiyang Wu , Zhuoran Li , Teng Ma , Youwei Zhuo

In this study, we introduce adaptive KV cache compression, a plug-and-play method that reduces the memory footprint of generative inference for Large Language Models (LLMs). Different from the conventional KV cache that retains key and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Suyu Ge , Yunan Zhang , Liyuan Liu , Minjia Zhang , Jiawei Han , Jianfeng Gao

Recommendation system has gained a large popularity for a variety of personalized suggestion tasks, but the ever-increasing number of user data makes real-time processing of recommendation systems difficult. NAND flash memory-based…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jangho Baik , Sunghyun Kim , Gisan Ji , Wonbo Shim , Sungju Ryu

High throughput serving of large language models (LLMs) requires batching sufficiently many requests at a time. However, existing systems struggle because the key-value cache (KV cache) memory for each request is huge and grows and shrinks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Woosuk Kwon , Zhuohan Li , Siyuan Zhuang , Ying Sheng , Lianmin Zheng , Cody Hao Yu , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Hao Zhang , Ion Stoica

Autoregressive language models rely on a Key-Value (KV) Cache, which avoids re-computing past hidden states during generation, making it faster. As model sizes and context lengths grow, the KV Cache becomes a significant memory bottleneck,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Nathan Godey , Alessio Devoto , Yu Zhao , Simone Scardapane , Pasquale Minervini , Éric de la Clergerie , Benoît Sagot

Prefix KV caching has become a key mechanism in LLM serving: it reduces time to first token (TTFT) by avoiding redundant computation across requests that share a prefix (i.e., the system prompt). However, the accumulated KV cache is often…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yu Zhu , Aditya Dhakal , Yunming Xiao , Dejan Milojicic , Gustavo Alonso

Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter severe memory inefficiencies during long-context inference due to conventional handling of key-value (KV) caches. In this work, we introduce a novel integration of PagedAttention with PyTorch's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Thomas Joshi , Herman Saini , Neil Dhillon , Antoni Viros i Martin , Kaoutar El Maghraoui

Large Language Models (LLMs) use key-value (KV) cache to reduce redundant computation in autoregressive generation. However, the KV cache size increases linearly during generation, leading to excessive memory usage, especially for long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jian Yuan , Ziwei He , Haoli Bai , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities but face substantial serving costs due to their high memory demands, with the key-value (KV) cache being a primary bottleneck. State-of-the-art KV cache compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yanqi Zhang , Yuwei Hu , Runyuan Zhao , John C. S. Lui , Haibo Chen

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on memory-constrained AI Personal Computers (AIPCs) enables low-latency, privacy-preserving inference, but long-context generation is fundamentally bottlenecked by the linearly growing Key-Value (KV)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-26 He Sun , Shinan Liu , Li Li , Mingjun Xiao

The advancement of large language models has led to models with billions of parameters, significantly increasing memory and compute demands. Serving such models on conventional hardware is challenging due to limited DRAM capacity and high…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yongjoo Jang , Sangwoo Hwang , Hojin Lee , Sangwoo Jung , Donghun Lee , Wonbo Shim , Jaeha Kung

Large Language Model (LLM) serving is increasingly constrained by the growing size of the key-value (KV) cache, which scales with both context length and generation length. Prior work shows that attention is dominated by a small subset of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nazmul Takbir , Hamidreza Alikhani , Nikil Dutt , Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have advanced unified reasoning over text, images, and videos, but their inference is hindered by the rapid growth of key-value (KV) caches. Each visual input expands into thousands of tokens,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Bowen Zeng , Feiyang Ren , Jun Zhang , Xiaoling Gu , Ke Chen , Lidan Shou , Huan Li

When transformer-based language models are deployed for text generation, most of the inference time is spent in the decoding stage, where output tokens are generated sequentially. Reducing the hardware cost of each decoding step is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Sayed Mohammadreza Tayaranian Hosseini , Amir Ardakani , Warren J. Gross