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Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) mitigates errors in near-term quantum devices by extrapolating measurements obtained at amplified noise levels to estimate noise-free expectation values. In practice, commonly used extrapolation models are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Andriy Miranskyy , Adam Sorrenti , Jasmine Thind , Claude Gravel

Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) is a widely used quantum error mitigation technique that artificially amplifies circuit noise and then extrapolates the results to the noise-free circuit. A common ZNE approach is Richardson extrapolation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 Pegah Mohammadipour , Xiantao Li

The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) codes are known to achieve optimal rates under displacement noise and pure loss channels, which establishes theoretical foundations for its optimality. However, such optimal rates are only known to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-27 Mahadevan Subramanian , Guo Zheng , Liang Jiang

Near term quantum processors operate in a noise dominated regime, motivating error mitigation techniques that recover accurate expectation values without full fault tolerance. Zero Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) is a widely used but biased error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Debarthi Pal , Yogesh Simmhan

As an alternative to quantum error correction, quantum error mitigation methods, including Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE), have been proposed to alleviate run-time errors in current noisy quantum devices. In this work, we propose a modified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Wenbo Shi , Neel Kanth Kundu , Matthew R. McKay , Robert Malaney

Concatenation of a bosonic code with a qubit code is one of the promising ways to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation. As one of the most important bosonic codes, Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code is proposed to correct small…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-04 Zhifei Li , Daiqin Su

We consider Zero Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) as an error mitigation strategy in quantum metrology. It is shown that noise expansion can be systematically performed over sufficiently short time scales for general Markovian noise models…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-15 Zhuo Zhao , Kok Chuan Tan

Quantum error correction has recently been shown to benefit greatly from specific physical encodings of the code qubits. In particular, several researchers have considered the individual code qubits being encoded with the continuous…

We propose a general framework for quantum error mitigation that combines and generalizes two techniques: probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) and zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE). Similarly to PEC, the proposed method represents ideal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-15 Andrea Mari , Nathan Shammah , William J. Zeng

Quantum Error Mitigation (QEM) presents a promising near-term approach to reduce error when estimating expectation values in quantum computing. Here, we introduce QEM techniques tailored for quantum annealing, using Zero-Noise Extrapolation…

Gaussian loss channels are of particular importance since they model realistic optical communication channels. Except for special cases, quantum capacity of Gaussian loss channels is not yet known completely. In this paper, we provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-19 Kyungjoo Noh , Victor V. Albert , Liang Jiang

Entanglement has shown promise in enhancing information processing tasks in a sensor network, via distributed quantum sensing protocols. As noise is ubiquitous in sensor networks, error correction schemes based on Gottesman, Kitaev and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-20 Boyu Zhou , Anthony J. Brady , Quntao Zhuang

In order to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing, we make use of quantum error correction schemes designed to protect the logical information of the system from decoherence. A promising way to preserve such information is to use the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Marc-Antoine Roy , Thomas Pousset , Baptiste Royer

We review some of the recent efforts in devising and engineering bosonic qubits for superconducting devices, with emphasis on the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubit. We present some new results on decoding repeated GKP error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-08 Barbara M. Terhal , Jonathan Conrad , Christophe Vuillot

To implement fault-tolerant quantum computation with continuous variables, the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubit has been recognized as an important technological element. However,it is still challenging to experimentally generate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-29 Kosuke Fukui , Akihisa Tomita , Atsushi Okamoto , Keisuke Fujii

We study the code obtained by concatenating the standard single-mode Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code with the surface code. We show that the noise tolerance of this surface-GKP code with respect to (Gaussian) displacement errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-18 Lisa Hänggli , Margret Heinze , Robert Koenig

The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) quantum error correcting code attracts much attention in continuous variable (CV) quantum computation and CV quantum communication due to the simplicity of error correcting routines and the high tolerance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-23 Takaya Matsuura , Hayata Yamasaki , Masato Koashi

Straightforward logical operations contrasting with complex state preparation are the hallmarks of the bosonic encoding proposed by Gottesman, Kitaev and Preskill (GKP). The recently reported generation and error-correction of GKP qubits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Christian Siegele , Philippe Campagne-Ibarcq

Recent thousand-qubit processors represent a significant hardware advancement, but current limitations prevent effective quantum error correction (QEC), necessitating reliance on quantum error mitigation (QEM) to enhance result fidelity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Leanghok Hour , Myeongseong Go , Youngsun Han

Quantum Volume is a full-stack benchmark for near-term quantum computers. It quantifies the largest size of a square circuit which can be executed on the target device with reasonable fidelity. Error mitigation is a set of techniques…