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In this paper, we study the problem of learning to bid in repeated first-price auctions with budget constraints. In each period, the decision maker needs to submit a bid to win the auction and maximize the total collected reward, subject to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Zeng Fu , Jiashuo Jiang , Yuan Zhou

Online auctions play a central role in online advertising, and are one of the main reasons for the industry's scalability and growth. With great changes in how auctions are being organized, such as changing the second- to first-price…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Djordje Gligorijevic , Tian Zhou , Bharatbhushan Shetty , Brendan Kitts , Shengjun Pan , Junwei Pan , Aaron Flores

In this paper, we propose a stochastic model to describe how search service providers charge client companies based on users' queries for the keywords related to these companies' ads by using certain advertisement assignment strategies. We…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-09-10 Bo Tan , R. Srikant

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) is important for closing the gap between offline training and evaluation of reinforcement learning (RL), by estimating performance and/or rank of target (evaluation) policies using offline trajectories only. It…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Qitong Gao , Ge Gao , Juncheng Dong , Vahid Tarokh , Min Chi , Miroslav Pajic

Efficient methods to evaluate new algorithms are critical for improving interactive bandit and reinforcement learning systems such as recommendation systems. A/B tests are reliable, but are time- and money-consuming, and entail a risk of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Yusuke Narita , Shota Yasui , Kohei Yata

The effectiveness of advertising in e-commerce largely depends on the ability of merchants to bid on and win impressions for their targeted users. The bidding procedure is highly complex due to various factors such as market competition,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Artem Betlei , Mariia Vladimirova , Mehdi Sebbar , Nicolas Urien , Thibaud Rahier , Benjamin Heymann

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) methods allow us to compute the expected reward of a policy by using the logged data collected by a different policy. OPE is a viable alternative to running expensive online A/B tests: it can speed up the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Matej Cief , Jacek Golebiowski , Philipp Schmidt , Ziawasch Abedjan , Artur Bekasov

In the online (time-series) search problem, a player is presented with a sequence of prices which are revealed in an online manner. In the standard definition of the problem, for each revealed price, the player must decide irrevocably…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Spyros Angelopoulos , Shahin Kamali , Dehou Zhang

We consider off-policy evaluation (OPE) of deterministic target policies for reinforcement learning (RL) in environments with continuous action spaces. While it is common to use importance sampling for OPE, it suffers from high variance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Haanvid Lee , Tri Wahyu Guntara , Jongmin Lee , Yung-Kyun Noh , Kee-Eung Kim

We study how a budget-constrained bidder should learn to adaptively bid in repeated first-price auctions to maximize her cumulative payoff. This problem arose due to an industry-wide shift from second-price auctions to first-price auctions…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yige Wang , Jiashuo Jiang

Motivated by Internet targeted advertising, we address several ad allocation problems. Prior work has established these problems admit no randomized online algorithm better than $(1-\frac{1}{e})$-competitive…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-30 Joseph , Naor , David Wajc

Offline model-based optimization (MBO) seeks to discover high-performing designs using only a fixed dataset of past evaluations. Most existing methods rely on learning a surrogate model via regression and implicitly assume that good…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shen-Huan Lyu , Rong-Xi Tan , Ke Xue , Yi-Xiao He , Yu Huang , Qingfu Zhang , Chao Qian

Evaluating off-policy decisions using batch data poses significant challenges due to limited sample sizes leading to high variance. To improve Off-Policy Evaluation (OPE), we must identify and address the sources of this variance. Recent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-02 Ritam Majumdar , Jack Teversham , Sonali Parbhoo

Offline preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) provides an effective way to overcome the challenges of designing reward and the high costs of online interaction. However, since labeling preference needs real-time human feedback,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xiao-Yin Liu , Guotao Li , Xiao-Hu Zhou , Zeng-Guang Hou

Bid shading has become a standard practice in the digital advertising industry, in which most auctions for advertising (ad) opportunities are now of first price type. Given an ad opportunity, performing bid shading requires estimating not…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yanlin Qu , Ravi Kant , Yan Chen , Brendan Kitts , San Gultekin , Aaron Flores , Jose Blanchet

Off-policy learning is a framework for optimizing policies without deploying them, using data collected by another policy. In recommender systems, this is especially challenging due to the imbalance in logged data: some items are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Matej Cief , Branislav Kveton , Michal Kompan

Online resource allocation (ORA) is a fundamental framework for sequential decision-making problems under budget constraints, with applications ranging from online advertising to revenue management. In this work, we study a broader setting…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Eleonora Fidelia Chiefari , Francesco Emanuele Stradi , Matteo Castiglioni , Alberto Marchesi

One of the popular measures of central tendency that provides better representation and interesting insights of the data compared to the other measures like mean and median is the metric mode. If the analytical form of the density function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Chandramouli Kamanchi , Raghuram Bharadwaj Diddigi , Prabuchandran K. J. , Shalabh Bhatnagar

The auction theory literature has so far focused mostly on the design of mechanisms that takes the revenue or the efficiency as a yardstick. However, scenarios where the {\it capacity}, which we define as \textit{``the number of bidders the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2007-11-13 Sudhir Kumar Singh , Vwani P. Roychowdhury

This paper proposes and studies a detection technique for adversarial scenarios (dubbed deterministic detection). This technique provides an alternative detection methodology in case the usual stochastic methods are not applicable: this can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Kristiaan Pelckmans