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Embodied planning requires agents to make coherent multi-step decisions based on dynamic visual observations and natural language goals. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) excel at static perception tasks, they struggle with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Di Wu , Jiaxin Fan , Junzhe Zang , Guanbo Wang , Wei Yin , Wenhao Li , Bo Jin

Large language models have advanced rapidly, from pattern recognition to emerging forms of reasoning, yet they remain confined to linguistic simulation rather than grounded understanding. They can produce fluent outputs that resemble…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Rikard Rosenbacke , Carl Rosenbacke , Victor Rosenbacke , Martin McKee

The ability to derive underlying principles from a handful of observations and then generalize to novel situations -- known as inductive reasoning -- is central to human intelligence. Prior work suggests that language models (LMs) often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Linlu Qiu , Liwei Jiang , Ximing Lu , Melanie Sclar , Valentina Pyatkin , Chandra Bhagavatula , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , Yejin Choi , Nouha Dziri , Xiang Ren

Improving reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), especially under parameter constraints, is crucial for real-world applications. Looped transformers address this by performing multiple latent iterations to refine each token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tianyu Fu , Yichen You , Zekai Chen , Guohao Dai , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Reasoning-oriented language models typically expose explicit reasoning as a long, front-loaded chain of "thinking" tokens before the main output, either always enabled or externally toggled at inference time. Although this can help on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Susmit Das

Latent visual reasoning aims to mimic human's imagination process by meditating through hidden states of Multimodal Large Language Models. While recognized as a promising paradigm for visual reasoning, the underlying mechanisms driving its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 You Li , Chi Chen , Yanghao Li , Fanhu Zeng , Kaiyu Huang , Jinan Xu , Maosong Sun

Chain-of-Thought(CoT) prompting and its variants explore equipping large language models (LLMs) with high-level reasoning abilities by emulating human-like linear cognition and logic. However, the human mind is complicated and mixed with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yongqi Tong , Yifan Wang , Dawei Li , Sizhe Wang , Zi Lin , Simeng Han , Jingbo Shang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shifted from explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to more efficient latent reasoning, where intermediate thoughts are represented as vectors rather than text. However, latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Wengao Ye , Yan Liang , Lianlei Shan

Iterative preference optimization methods have recently been shown to perform well for general instruction tuning tasks, but typically make little improvement on reasoning tasks (Yuan et al., 2024, Chen et al., 2024). In this work we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Weizhe Yuan , Kyunghyun Cho , He He , Sainbayar Sukhbaatar , Jason Weston

Current large language models can perform reasonably well on complex tasks that require step-by-step reasoning with few-shot learning. Are these models applying reasoning skills they have learnt during pre-training and reason outside of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Ping Yu , Tianlu Wang , Olga Golovneva , Badr AlKhamissi , Siddharth Verma , Zhijing Jin , Gargi Ghosh , Mona Diab , Asli Celikyilmaz

Large language models (LLMs) are post-trained through reinforcement learning (RL) to evolve into Reasoning Language Models (RLMs), where the hallmark of this advanced reasoning is ``aha'' moments when they start to perform strategies, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Sijia Chen , Baochun Li , Di Niu

Natural language processing (NLP) aims at investigating the interactions between agents and humans, processing and analyzing large amounts of natural language data. Large-scale language models play an important role in current natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Kebing Jin , Hankz Hankui Zhuo

Test-time compute has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving the performance of large language models (LLMs), where generating multiple outputs or refining individual chains can significantly boost answer accuracy. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Sheng Liu , Tianlang Chen , Pan Lu , Haotian Ye , Yizheng Chen , Lei Xing , James Zou

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs) but often leads to verbose and redundant outputs, thus increasing inference cost. We hypothesize that many reasoning steps are unnecessary for producing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xin Liu , Lu Wang

In order to engender trust in AI, humans must understand what an AI system is trying to achieve, and why. To overcome this problem, the underlying AI process must produce justifications and explanations that are both transparent and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Rita Borgo , Michael Cashmore , Daniele Magazzeni

Latent reasoning offers a more efficient alternative to explicit reasoning by compressing intermediate reasoning into continuous representations and substantially shortening reasoning chains. However, existing latent reasoning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jingcheng Deng , Zihao Wei , Liang Pang , Junhong Wu , Shicheng Xu , Zenghao Duan , Huawei Shen

Interleaving learning is a human learning technique where a learner interleaves the studies of multiple topics, which increases long-term retention and improves ability to transfer learned knowledge. Inspired by the interleaving learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Hao Ban , Pengtao Xie

Humans have a powerful and mysterious capacity to reason. Working through a set of mental steps enables us to make inferences we would not be capable of making directly even though we get no additional data from the world. Similarly, when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Ben Prystawski , Michael Y. Li , Noah D. Goodman

Agents, as user-centric tools, are increasingly deployed for human task delegation, assisting with a broad spectrum of requests by generating thoughts, engaging with user proxies, and producing action plans. However, agents based on large…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Wenyue Hua , Mengting Wan , Shashank Vadrevu , Ryan Nadel , Yongfeng Zhang , Chi Wang

Spoken dialogue systems increasingly employ large language models (LLMs) to leverage their advanced reasoning capabilities. However, direct application of LLMs in spoken communication often yield suboptimal results due to mismatches between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sang Hoon Woo , Sehun Lee , Kang-wook Kim , Gunhee Kim