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Debugging is the dominant cost in modern hardware verification, where assertion failures are among the most frequent and expensive to resolve. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise, they often fail to capture the precise, reusable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yunsheng Bai , Haoxing Ren

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves Large Language Model (LLM) performance on knowledge-intensive tasks but depends heavily on initial search query quality. Current methods, often using Reinforcement Learning (RL), typically focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Alan Dao , Thinh Le

Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE) have become a standard for encoding sequence order in Large Language Models (LLMs) by applying rotations to query and key vectors in the complex plane. Standard implementations, however, utilize only the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xiaoran Liu , Yuerong Song , Zhigeng Liu , Zengfeng Huang , Qipeng Guo , Zhaoxiang Liu , Shiguo Lian , Ziwei He , Xipeng Qiu

Recently, a novel generative retrieval (GR) paradigm has been proposed, where a single sequence-to-sequence model is learned to directly generate a list of relevant document identifiers (docids) given a query. Existing GR models commonly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Yubao Tang , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Maarten de Rijke , Wei Chen , Xueqi Cheng

Knowing that the generative capabilities of large language models (LLM) are sometimes hampered by tendencies to hallucinate or create non-factual responses, researchers have increasingly focused on methods to ground generated outputs in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Sonal Prabhune , Donald J. Berndt

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful application of Large Language Models (LLMs), revolutionizing information search and consumption. RAG systems combine traditional search capabilities with LLMs to generate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Harsh Maheshwari , Srikanth Tenneti , Alwarappan Nakkiran

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on comprehensive benchmarks is a cornerstone of their development, yet it's often computationally and financially prohibitive. While Item Response Theory (IRT) offers a promising path toward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lele Liao , Qile Zhang , Ruofan Wu , Guanhua Fang

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has ushered in a new paradigm of search engines that use generative models to gather and summarize information to answer user queries. This emerging technology, which we formalize under the unified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Pranjal Aggarwal , Vishvak Murahari , Tanmay Rajpurohit , Ashwin Kalyan , Karthik Narasimhan , Ameet Deshpande

Information retrieval (IR) plays a crucial role in locating relevant resources from vast amounts of data, and its applications have evolved from traditional knowledge bases to modern retrieval models (RMs). The emergence of large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Jiazhan Feng , Chongyang Tao , Xiubo Geng , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Guodong Long , Dongyan Zhao , Daxin Jiang

Query Optimization (QO) has become essential for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) effectiveness, particularly in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems where query quality directly determines retrieval and response performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng

Recently embedding-based retrieval or dense retrieval have shown state of the art results, compared with traditional sparse or bag-of-words based approaches. This paper introduces a model-agnostic doc-level embedding framework through large…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Mingrui Wu , Sheng Cao

Query rewriting (QR) is a critical technique in e-commerce search, addressing the lexical gap between user queries and product descriptions to enhance search performance. Existing QR approaches typically fall into two categories:…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Duy A. Nguyen , Rishi Kesav Mohan , Van Yang , Pritom Saha Akash , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is considered to be a promising approach to alleviate the hallucination issue of large language models (LLMs), and it has received widespread attention from researchers recently. Due to the limitation in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Hengran Zhang , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Maarten de Rijke , Yixing Fan , Xueqi Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate robust capabilities across various fields, leading to a paradigm shift in LLM-enhanced Recommender System (RS). Research to date focuses on point-wise and pair-wise recommendation paradigms, which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Wen-Shuo Chao , Zhi Zheng , Hengshu Zhu , Hao Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has recently emerged as a method to extend beyond the pre-trained knowledge of Large Language Models by augmenting the original prompt with relevant passages or documents retrieved by an Information…

Large language models like ChatGPT are increasingly used in classrooms, but they often provide outdated or fabricated information that can mislead students. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) improves reliability of LLMs by grounding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Amay Jain , Liu Cui , Si Chen

Scaling inference compute enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs), with long chains-of-thought (CoTs) enabling strategies like backtracking and error correction. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Edward Yeo , Yuxuan Tong , Morry Niu , Graham Neubig , Xiang Yue

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework for incorporating external knowledge, usually in the form of a set of documents retrieved from a collection, as a part of a prompt to a large language model (LLM) to potentially improve…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Fangzheng Tian , Debasis Ganguly , Craig Macdonald

In large e-commerce platforms, search systems are typically composed of a series of modules, including recall, pre-ranking, and ranking phases. The pre-ranking phase, serving as a lightweight module, is crucial for filtering out the bulk of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Enqiang Xu , Yiming Qiu , Junyang Bai , Ping Zhang , Dadong Miao , Songlin Wang , Guoyu Tang , Lin Liu , Mingming Li

LLMs demonstrate strong performance in auto-mated software engineering, particularly for code generation and issue resolution. While proprietary models like GPT-4o achieve high benchmarks scores on SWE-bench, their API dependence, cost, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yibo Wang , Zhihao Peng , Ying Wang , Zhao Wei , Hai Yu , Zhiliang Zhu