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Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional computation at inference, yet its application to multimodal systems such as…

In several observational contexts where different raters evaluate a set of items, it is common to assume that all raters draw their scores from the same underlying distribution. However, a plenty of scientific works have evidenced the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-27 Giuseppe Mignemi , Antonio Calcagnì , Andrea Spoto , Ioanna Manolopoulou

Crowdsourcing systems commonly face the problem of aggregating multiple judgments provided by potentially unreliable workers. In addition, several aspects of the design of efficient crowdsourcing processes, such as defining worker's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-04-20 Matteo Venanzi , John Guiver , Pushmeet Kohli , Nick Jennings

LLM-as-a-Judge models generate chain-of-thought (CoT) sequences intended to capture the step-bystep reasoning process that underlies the final evaluation of a response. However, due to the lack of human annotated CoTs for evaluation, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Swarnadeep Saha , Xian Li , Marjan Ghazvininejad , Jason Weston , Tianlu Wang

Despite significant advancements in the general capability of large language models (LLMs), they continue to struggle with consistent and accurate reasoning, especially in complex tasks such as mathematical and code reasoning. One key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhenwen Liang , Ye Liu , Tong Niu , Xiangliang Zhang , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

With the rapid development of large language models (LLM), the evaluation of LLM becomes increasingly important. Measuring text generation tasks such as summarization and article creation is very difficult. Especially in specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Kaiqi Zhang , Shuai Yuan , Honghan Zhao

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by allowing a small draft model to predict multiple future tokens for verification by a larger target model. In AI-native radio access networks (AI-RAN), this enables…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Ce Zheng , Ke Zhang , Chen Sun , Wenqi Zhang , Qiong Liu , Angesom Ataklity Tesfay

We introduce the Integrated Tsallis Combination (ITC), a hybrid impurity measure for decision tree learning that combines normalized Tsallis entropy with an exponential polarization component. While many existing measures sacrifice…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-17 Edouard Lansiaux , Idriss Jairi , Hayfa Zgaya-Biau

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tasks related to reasoning and judgment. However, assessing the quality of arguments requires a rigorous evaluation. We investigate the extent to which LLMs can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Nicolás Benjamín Ocampo , Agnes Paullate Nyiranziza , Davide Ceolin

A particularly successful role for Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is as a tool for discovering useful relational features for subsequent use in a predictive model. Conceptually, the case for using ILP to construct relational features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-09-12 Haimonti Dutta , Ashwin Srinivasan

This article introduces an iterative distributed computing estimator for the multinomial logistic regression model with large choice sets. Compared to the maximum likelihood estimator, the proposed iterative distributed estimator achieves…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-12-03 Yanqin Fan , Yigit Okar , Xuetao Shi

Inference-time scaling techniques have shown promise in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). While recent research has primarily focused on training-time optimization, our work highlights inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Jiachun Li , Pengfei Cao , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Jiexin Xu , Huaijun Li , Xiaojian Jiang , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex tasks thanks to advances in their reasoning abilities. However, existing methods overlook the trade-off between reasoning effectiveness and efficiency, often encouraging unnecessarily long…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jingyao Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Zeen Song , Changwen Zheng , Hui Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automatic evaluators of generative AI outputs, a paradigm often referred to as "LLM-as-a-judge." In practice, LLM judges are imperfect predictions for the underlying truth and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Yiqun T Chen , Sizhu Lu , Sijia Li , Moran Guo , Shengyi Li

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly adept at managing complex tasks, the evaluation set must keep pace with these advancements to ensure it remains sufficiently discriminative. Item Discrimination (ID) theory, which is widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Fan Lin , Shuyi Xie , Yong Dai , Wenlin Yao , Tianjiao Lang , Zishan Xu , Zhichao Hu , Xiao Xiao , Yuhong Liu , Yu Zhang

In-Context Learning (ICL) has gained prominence due to its ability to perform tasks without requiring extensive training data and its robustness to noisy labels. A typical ICL workflow involves selecting localized examples relevant to a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Janak Kapuriya , Manit Kaushik , Debasis Ganguly , Sumit Bhatia

Inductive reasoning - the process of inferring general rules from a small number of observations - is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence. Recent works suggest that large language models (LLMs) can engage in inductive reasoning by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Kang-il Lee , Hyukhun Koh , Dongryeol Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Minsung Kim , Kyomin Jung

This study introduces \textbf{InteractEval}, a framework that integrates human expertise and Large Language Models (LLMs) using the Think-Aloud (TA) method to generate attributes for checklist-based text evaluation. By combining human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 SeongYeub Chu , JongWoo Kim , MunYong Yi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often used as automated judges to evaluate text, but their effectiveness can be hindered by various unintentional biases. We propose using linear classifying probes, trained by leveraging differences between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sharan Maiya , Yinhong Liu , Ramit Debnath , Anna Korhonen

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators for natural language generation tasks, ensuring unbiased assessments is essential. However, LLM evaluators often display biased preferences, such as favoring verbosity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Hawon Jeong , ChaeHun Park , Jimin Hong , Hojoon Lee , Jaegul Choo