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Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a powerful language for task specification in reinforcement learning, as it allows describing objectives beyond the expressivity of conventional discounted return formulations. Nonetheless, recent works have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Marco Bagatella , Andreas Krause , Georg Martius

Designing reliable decision strategies for autonomous urban driving is challenging. Reinforcement learning (RL) has been used to automatically derive suitable behavior in uncertain environments, but it does not provide any guarantee on the…

Transferring high-level knowledge from a source task to a target task is an effective way to expedite reinforcement learning (RL). For example, propositional logic and first-order logic have been used as representations of such knowledge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Zhe Xu , Ufuk Topcu

We propose a distributed control and coordination strategy for multi-agent systems where each agent has a local task specified as a Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formula and at the same time is subject to relative-distance constraints with…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2014-11-03 Meng Guo , Jana Tumova , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

Learning from demonstration (LfD) has succeeded in tasks featuring a long time horizon. However, when the problem complexity also includes human-in-the-loop perturbations, state-of-the-art approaches do not guarantee the successful…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yanwei Wang , Nadia Figueroa , Shen Li , Ankit Shah , Julie Shah

We propose a framework for the decentralized control of a team of agents that are assigned local tasks expressed as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas. Each local LTL task specification captures both the requirements on the respective…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-05-09 Meng Guo , Jana Tumova , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

We present two novel algorithms for learning formulas in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) from examples. The first learning algorithm reduces the learning task to a series of satisfiability problems in propositional Boolean logic and produces a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Daniel Neider , Ivan Gavran

This paper presents a model-free reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm to synthesize a control policy that maximizes the satisfaction probability of linear temporal logic (LTL) specifications. Due to the consideration of environment and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Mingyu Cai , Shaoping Xiao , Baoluo Li , Zhiliang Li , Zhen Kan

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular approach for robotic path planning in uncertain environments. However, the control policies trained for an RL agent crucially depend on user-defined, state-based reward functions. Poorly designed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Anand Balakrishnan , Stefan Jakšić , Edgar A. Aguilar , Dejan Ničković , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a specification language for finite sequences (called traces) widely used in program verification, motion planning in robotics, process mining, and many other areas. We consider the problem of learning LTL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , Nathanaël Fijalkow , Daniel Neider

This paper proposes a specification-guided framework for control of nonlinear systems with linear temporal logic (LTL) specifications. In contrast with well-known abstraction-based methods, the proposed framework directly characterizes the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-03 Yinan Li , Zhibing Sun , Jun Liu

Research in robotic planning with temporal logic specifications, such as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), has relied on single formulas. However, as task complexity increases, LTL formulas become lengthy, making them difficult to interpret and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Xusheng Luo , Changliu Liu

Motivated by the challenge presented by non-Markovian objectives in reinforcement learning (RL), we present a novel framework to track and represent the progress of autonomous agents through complex, multi-stage tasks. Given a specification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Noel Brindise , Cedric Langbort , Melkior Ornik

Reward design is a key component of deep reinforcement learning, yet some tasks and designer's objectives may be unnatural to define as a scalar cost function. Among the various techniques, formal methods integrated with DRL have garnered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jiangwei Wang , Shuo Yang , Ziyan An , Songyang Han , Zhili Zhang , Rahul Mangharam , Meiyi Ma , Fei Miao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has made significant strides in enabling artificial agents to learn diverse behaviors. However, learning an effective policy often requires a large number of environment interactions. To mitigate sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yash Shukla , Tanushree Burman , Abhishek Kulkarni , Robert Wright , Alvaro Velasquez , Jivko Sinapov

We study the problem of synthesizing control strategies for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) objectives in unknown environments. We model this problem as a turn-based zero-sum stochastic game between the controller and the environment, where the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Alper Kamil Bozkurt , Yu Wang , Michael Zavlanos , Miroslav Pajic

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is widely used to specify high-level objectives for system policies, and it is highly desirable for autonomous systems to learn the optimal policy with respect to such specifications. However, learning the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Daqian Shao , Marta Kwiatkowska

This paper addresses the problem of designing control policies for agents with unknown stochastic dynamics and control objectives specified using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have aimed to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Jun Wang , Hosein Hasanbeig , Kaiyuan Tan , Zihe Sun , Yiannis Kantaros

Understanding a \textit{reinforcement learning} policy, which guides state-to-action mappings to maximize rewards, necessitates an accompanying explanation for human comprehension. In this paper, we introduce a set of \textit{linear…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Mikihisa Yuasa , Huy T. Tran , Ramavarapu S. Sreenivas

Generalizing to complex and temporally extended task objectives and safety constraints remains a critical challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). Linear temporal logic (LTL) offers a unified formalism to specify such requirements, yet…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zijian Guo , İlker Işık , H. M. Sabbir Ahmad , Wenchao Li