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4D radar has emerged as a critical sensor for autonomous driving, primarily due to its enhanced capabilities in elevation measurement and higher resolution compared to traditional 3D radar. Effective integration of 4D radar with cameras…

Reliable people detection is crucial for the safe autonomy of mobile robots and heavy vehicles, both on roads and in industrial settings like mining and construction. However, common sensors like cameras or lidars are prone to failure in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Mikael Skog , Oleksandr Kotlyar , Vladimír Kubelka , Martin Magnusson

As autonomous vehicles and advanced driving assistance systems have entered wider deployment, there is an increased interest in building robust perception systems using radars. Radar-based systems are lower cost and more robust to adverse…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-14 Bo Yang , Ishan Khatri , Michael Happold , Chulong Chen

Within the past decade, the rise of applications based on artificial intelligence (AI) in general and machine learning (ML) in specific has led to many significant contributions within different domains. The applications range from robotics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Christoph Sager , Patrick Zschech , Niklas Kühl

As the demand for autonomous navigation in off-road environments increases, the need for effective solutions to understand these surroundings becomes essential. In this study, we confront the inherent complexities of semantic segmentation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Peng Jiang , Srikanth Saripalli

Place recognition is essential for achieving closed-loop or global positioning in autonomous vehicles and mobile robots. Despite recent advancements in place recognition using 2D cameras or 3D LiDAR, it remains to be seen how to use 4D…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Shouyi Lu , Guirong Zhuo , Haitao Wang , Quan Zhou , Huanyu Zhou , Renbo Huang , Minqing Huang , Lianqing Zheng , Qiang Shu

4D mmWave radar provides weather-robust, velocity-aware measurements and is more cost-effective than LiDAR. However, radar-only 3D detection still trails LiDAR-based systems because radar point clouds are sparse, irregular, and often…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yichun Xiao , Runwei Guan , Fangqiang Ding

In industrial automation, radar is a critical sensor in machine perception. However, the angular resolution of radar is inherently limited by the Rayleigh criterion, which depends on both the radar's operating wavelength and the effective…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yanlong Yang , Jianan Liu , Guanxiong Luo , Hao Li , Euijoon Ahn , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi , Tao Huang

4D millimeter wave radars (4D radars) are new emerging sensors that provide point clouds of objects with both position and radial velocity measurements. Compared to LiDARs, they are more affordable and reliable sensors for robots'…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xingyi Li , Han Zhang , Ziliang Wang , Yukai Yang , Weidong Chen

3D LiDAR scanners are playing an increasingly important role in autonomous driving as they can generate depth information of the environment. However, creating large 3D LiDAR point cloud datasets with point-level labels requires a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Xiangyu Yue , Bichen Wu , Sanjit A. Seshia , Kurt Keutzer , Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli

Automotive radar systems have evolved to provide not only range, azimuth and Doppler velocity, but also elevation data. This additional dimension allows for the representation of 4D radar as a 3D point cloud. As a result, existing deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Alexander Musiat , Laurenz Reichardt , Michael Schulze , Oliver Wasenmüller

Radar sensors employed for environment perception, e.g. in autonomous vehicles, output a lot of unwanted clutter. These points, for which no corresponding real objects exist, are a major source of errors in following processing steps like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Johannes Kopp , Dominik Kellner , Aldi Piroli , Klaus Dietmayer

Mobile robots and autonomous vehicles rely on multi-modal sensor setups to perceive and understand their surroundings. Aside from cameras, LiDAR sensors represent a central component of state-of-the-art perception systems. In addition to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Florian Piewak , Peter Pinggera , Manuel Schäfer , David Peter , Beate Schwarz , Nick Schneider , David Pfeiffer , Markus Enzweiler , Marius Zöllner

Segmenting objects in an environment is a crucial task for autonomous driving and robotics, as it enables a better understanding of the surroundings of each agent. Although camera sensors provide rich visual details, they are vulnerable to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Huawei Sun , Bora Kunter Sahin , Georg Stettinger , Maximilian Bernhard , Matthias Schubert , Robert Wille

Object segmentation in three-dimensional (3-D) point clouds is a critical task for robots capable of 3-D perception. Despite the impressive performance of deep learning-based approaches on object segmentation in 2-D images, deep learning…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-31 Brian H. Wang , Wei-Lun Chao , Yan Wang , Bharath Hariharan , Kilian Q. Weinberger , Mark Campbell

Accurate and robust environmental perception is crucial for robot autonomous navigation. While current methods typically adopt optical sensors (e.g., camera, LiDAR) as primary sensing modalities, their susceptibility to visual occlusion…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Ruibin Zhang , Fei Gao

Cloud analysis is a critical component of weather and climate science, impacting various sectors like disaster management. However, achieving fine-grained cloud analysis, such as cloud segmentation, in remote sensing remains challenging due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Jay Gala , Sauradip Nag , Huichou Huang , Ruirui Liu , Xiatian Zhu

Mobile autonomy relies on the precise perception of dynamic environments. Robustly tracking moving objects in 3D world thus plays a pivotal role for applications like trajectory prediction, obstacle avoidance, and path planning. While most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Zhijun Pan , Fangqiang Ding , Hantao Zhong , Chris Xiaoxuan Lu

Millimeter-wave radar enables robust environment perception in autonomous systems under adverse conditions yet suffers from sparse, noisy point clouds with low angular resolution. Existing diffusion-based radar enhancement methods either…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Hao Li , Xinqi Liu , Yaoqing Jin

4D radar measurements offer an affordable and weather-robust solution for 3D perception. However, the inherent sparsity and noise of radar point clouds present significant challenges for accurate 3D object detection, underscoring the need…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xiaokai Bai , Jiahao Cheng , Songkai Wang , Yixuan Luo , Lianqing Zheng , Xiaohan Zhang , Si-Yuan Cao , Hui-Liang Shen