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Knowledge-intensive language understanding tasks require Language Models (LMs) to integrate relevant context, mitigating their inherent weaknesses, such as incomplete or outdated knowledge. However, conflicting knowledge can be present in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Sara Vera Marjanović , Haeun Yu , Pepa Atanasova , Maria Maistro , Christina Lioma , Isabelle Augenstein

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in clinical decision support, yet subtle demographic cues can influence their reasoning. Prior work has documented disparities in outputs across patient groups, but little is known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Rajarshi Ghosh , Abhay Gupta , Hudson McBride , Anurag Vaidya , Faisal Mahmood

Incorporating external knowledge is crucial for knowledge-intensive tasks, such as question answering and fact checking. However, language models (LMs) may ignore relevant information that contradicts outdated parametric memory or be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Lovisa Hagström , Youna Kim , Haeun Yu , Sang-goo Lee , Richard Johansson , Hyunsoo Cho , Isabelle Augenstein

Users should not be systemically disadvantaged by the language they use for interacting with LLMs; i.e. users across languages should get responses of similar quality irrespective of language used. In this work, we create a set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Shourya Jain , Paras Chopra

While reasoning and multilingual capabilities in language models (LMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, their integration into a unified paradigm - multilingual reasoning - is at a nascent stage. Multilingual reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Akash Ghosh , Debayan Datta , Sriparna Saha , Chirag Agarwal

We introduce SciTrek, a diagnostic question-answering benchmark designed to probe long-context numerical reasoning in large language models (LLMs). Existing long-context benchmarks mostly focus on simple information retrieval, rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Miao Li , Alexander Gurung , Irina Saparina , Mirella Lapata

The correct model response in the face of uncertainty is to abstain from answering a question so as not to mislead the user. In this work, we study the ability of LLMs to abstain from answering context-dependent science questions when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Bingbing Wen , Bill Howe , Lucy Lu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities in question answering and reasoning thanks to their extensive parametric memory. However, their knowledge is inherently limited by the scope of their pre-training data, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Atahan Özer , Çağatay Yıldız

The paper introduces a framework for the evaluation of the encoding of factual scientific knowledge, designed to streamline the manual evaluation process typically conducted by domain experts. Inferring over and extracting information from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Magdalena Wysocka , Oskar Wysocki , Maxime Delmas , Vincent Mutel , Andre Freitas

Question-answering datasets require a broad set of reasoning skills. We show how to use question decompositions to teach language models these broad reasoning skills in a robust fashion. Specifically, we use widely available QDMR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Harsh Trivedi , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal

Ambiguity in natural language poses significant challenges to Large Language Models (LLMs) used for open-domain question answering. LLMs often struggle with the inherent uncertainties of human communication, leading to misinterpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Aryan Keluskar , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Huan Liu

Large language models (LLMs) show strong reasoning abilities across diverse tasks, yet their performance on extended contexts remains inconsistent. While prior research has emphasized mid-context degradation in question answering, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Pietro Bernardelle , Stefano Civelli , Kevin Roitero , Gianluca Demartini

Long-context language models (LCLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in long-context understanding tasks. Among these, long-context referencing -- a crucial task that requires LCLMs to attribute items of interest to specific parts of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Junjie Wu , Gefei Gu , Yanan Zheng , Dit-Yan Yeung , Arman Cohan

Equitable access to reliable health information is vital for public health, but the quality of online health resources varies by language, raising concerns about inconsistencies in Large Language Models (LLMs) for healthcare. In this study,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Ipek Baris Schlicht , Zhixue Zhao , Burcu Sayin , Lucie Flek , Paolo Rosso

Language models have emerged as powerful predictors of the viability of biological sequences. During training these models learn the rules of the grammar obeyed by sequences of amino acids or nucleotides. Once trained, these models can take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Pranav Kantroo , Günter P. Wagner , Benjamin B. Machta

In-context learning can improve the performances of knowledge-rich tasks such as question answering. In such scenarios, in-context examples trigger a language model (LM) to surface information stored in its parametric knowledge. We study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Yoonsang Lee , Pranav Atreya , Xi Ye , Eunsol Choi

Large language models (LLMs) have recently showcased remarkable capabilities, spanning a wide range of tasks and applications, including those in the medical domain. Models like GPT-4 excel in medical question answering but may face…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Bowen Wang , Jiuyang Chang , Yiming Qian , Guoxin Chen , Junhao Chen , Zhouqiang Jiang , Jiahao Zhang , Yuta Nakashima , Hajime Nagahara

While auxiliary information has become a key to enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs), relatively little is known about how LLMs merge these contexts, specifically contexts generated by LLMs and those retrieved from external sources. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Hexiang Tan , Fei Sun , Wanli Yang , Yuanzhuo Wang , Qi Cao , Xueqi Cheng

Large language models are increasingly used to answer and verify scientific claims, yet existing evaluations typically assume that a model must always produce a definitive answer. In scientific settings, however, unsupported or uncertain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Samir Abdaljalil , Erchin Serpedin , Hasan Kurban

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari