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A key objective in the field of artificial intelligence is to develop cognitive models that can exhibit human-like intellectual capabilities. One promising approach to achieving this is through neural-symbolic systems, which combine the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Dongran Yu , Xueyan Liu , Shirui Pan , Anchen Li , Bo Yang

Symbolic regression (SR) seeks closed-form mathematical expressions that fit observed data. Neural SR methods amortize the search by training an encoder to map observations directly to expressions in a single pass, but this amortized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xieting Chu , Sriram Vishwanath , Vijay Ganesh

Discovering the underlying mathematical expressions describing a dataset is a core challenge for artificial intelligence. This is the problem of $\textit{symbolic regression}$. Despite recent advances in training neural networks to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Brenden K. Petersen , Mikel Landajuela , T. Nathan Mundhenk , Claudio P. Santiago , Soo K. Kim , Joanne T. Kim

Symbolic Regression searches for a function form that approximates a dataset often using Genetic Programming. Since there is usually no restriction to what form the function can have, Genetic Programming may return a hard to understand…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca

In symbolic regression, the search for analytic models is typically driven purely by the prediction error observed on the training data samples. However, when the data samples do not sufficiently cover the input space, the prediction error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-28 J. Kubalík , E. Derner , R. Babuška

Genetic Programming (GP) has traditionally entangled the evolution of symbolic representations with their performance-based evaluation, often relying solely on raw fitness scores. This tight coupling makes GP solutions more fragile and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Nam H. Le , Josh Bongard

Machine learning methods trained on raw numerical time series data exhibit fundamental limitations such as a high sensitivity to the hyper parameters and even to the initialization of random weights. A combination of a recurrent neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Steven Elsworth , Stefan Güttel

Compact symbolic expressions have been shown to be more efficient than neural network models in terms of resource consumption and inference speed when implemented on custom hardware such as FPGAs, while maintaining comparable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ho Fung Tsoi , Vladimir Loncar , Sridhara Dasu , Philip Harris

The advent of Scientific Machine Learning has heralded a transformative era in scientific discovery, driving progress across diverse domains. Central to this progress is uncovering scientific laws from experimental data through symbolic…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-25 Somjit Roy , Pritam Dey , Debdeep Pati , Bani K. Mallick

In recent years, symbolic regression has been of wide interest to provide an interpretable symbolic representation of potentially large data relationships. Initially circled to genetic algorithms, symbolic regression methods now include a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Laure Crochepierre , Lydia Boudjeloud-Assala , Vincent Barbesant

The mathematical formula is the human language to describe nature and is the essence of scientific research. Finding mathematical formulas from observational data is a major demand of scientific research and a major challenge of artificial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Yanjie Li , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Jingyi Liu , Wenqiang Li , Meilan Hao , Shu Wei , Yusong Deng

Many machine learning strategies designed to automate mathematical tasks leverage neural networks to search large combinatorial spaces of mathematical symbols. In contrast to traditional evolutionary approaches, using a neural network at…

Symbolic regression is a fundamental tool for discovering interpretable mathematical expressions from data, with broad applications across scientific and engineering domains. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Runxiang Wang , Boxiao Wang , Kai Li , Yifan Zhang , Jian Cheng

Extracting interpretable equations from observational datasets to describe complex natural phenomena is one of the core goals of artificial intelligence. This field is known as symbolic regression (SR). In recent years, Transformer-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Da Li , Junping Yin , Jin Xu , Xinxin Li , Juan Zhang

Symbolic regression (SR) has emerged as a pivotal technique for uncovering the intrinsic information within data and enhancing the interpretability of AI models. However, current state-of-the-art (sota) SR methods struggle to perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Chenglu Sun , Shuo Shen , Wenzhi Tao , Deyi Xue , Zixia Zhou

Symbolic regression has recently gained traction in AI-driven scientific discovery, aiming to recover explicit closed-form expressions from data that reveal underlying physical laws. Despite recent advances, existing methods remain…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-02 Somjit Roy , Pritam Dey , Bani K. Mallick

Many machine learning models perform well when making predictions within the training data range, but often struggle when required to extrapolate beyond it. Symbolic regression (SR) using genetic programming (GP) can generate flexible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Fitria Wulandari Ramlan , Colm O'Riordan , Gabriel Kronberger , James McDermott

The process of discovering equations from data lies at the heart of physics and in many other areas of research, including mathematical ecology and epidemiology. Recently, machine learning methods known as symbolic regression emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Beatriz R. Brum , Luiza Lober , Isolde Previdelli , Francisco A. Rodrigues

A fundamental challenge in symbolic regression (SR) is efficiently recovering complex mathematical expressions from observational data. Although this problem is NP-hard, many expressions of practical interest decompose naturally into…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhiming Yu , Wangtao Lu , Xin Lai

Particle-based modeling of materials at atomic scale plays an important role in the development of new materials and understanding of their properties. The accuracy of particle simulations is determined by interatomic potentials, which…