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Symbolic regression searches for analytic expressions that accurately describe studied phenomena. The main attraction of this approach is that it returns an interpretable model that can be insightful to users. Historically, the majority of…

Mathematical formulas are the crystallization of human wisdom in exploring the laws of nature for thousands of years. Describing the complex laws of nature with a concise mathematical formula is a constant pursuit of scientists and a great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Yanjie Li , Jingyi Liu , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Wenqiang Li , Meilan Hao , Su Wei , Yusong Deng

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover concise closed-form mathematical equations from data, a task fundamental to scientific discovery. However, the problem is highly challenging because closed-form equations lie in a complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Samuel Holt , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar

Symbolic regression (SR), the task of discovering mathematical expressions that best describe a given dataset, remains a fundamental challenge in scientific discovery. Traditional approaches, primarily based on genetic algorithms and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Hao Liu , Xiao-Wen Yang , Atharva Sehgal , Yixin Wang , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li , Yisong Yue

Symbolic regression aims to discover human-interpretable equations that explain observational data. However, existing approaches rely heavily on discrete structure search (e.g., genetic programming), which often leads to high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Fateme Memar , Tao Zhe , Dongjie Wang

Many promising approaches to symbolic regression have been presented in recent years, yet progress in the field continues to suffer from a lack of uniform, robust, and transparent benchmarking standards. In this paper, we address this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-02 William La Cava , Patryk Orzechowski , Bogdan Burlacu , Fabrício Olivetti de França , Marco Virgolin , Ying Jin , Michael Kommenda , Jason H. Moore

Symbolic regression (SR) is the task of learning a model of data in the form of a mathematical expression. By their nature, SR models have the potential to be accurate and human-interpretable at the same time. Unfortunately, finding such…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Marco Virgolin , Solon P. Pissis

Symbolic Regression (SR) plays a central role in scientific knowledge discovery by distilling mathematical equations from observational data. Most existing SR methods function within a bi-level optimization framework: an outer loop that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Boxiao Wang , Kai Li , Zhiwei Chen , Yang Huang , Runxiang Wang , Ziwen Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Jian Cheng

Regression analysis is used for prediction and to understand the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. Symbolic regression (SR) automates the search for non-linear regression models, delivering a set of hypotheses that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca , Gabriel Kronberger

Symbolic regression (SR) poses a significant challenge for randomized search heuristics due to its reliance on the synthesis of expressions for input-output mappings. Although traditional genetic programming (GP) algorithms have achieved…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Kirill Antonov , Roman Kalkreuth , Kaifeng Yang , Thomas Bäck , Niki van Stein , Anna V Kononova

Symbolic regression (SR) searches for analytical expressions representing the relationship between a set of explanatory and response variables. Current SR methods assume a single dataset extracted from a single experiment. Nevertheless,…

We present a novel method for symbolic regression (SR), the task of searching for compact programmatic hypotheses that best explain a dataset. The problem is commonly solved using genetic algorithms; we show that we can enhance such methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Arya Grayeli , Atharva Sehgal , Omar Costilla-Reyes , Miles Cranmer , Swarat Chaudhuri

Symbolic regression is a technique that can automatically derive analytic models from data. Traditionally, symbolic regression has been implemented primarily through genetic programming that evolves populations of candidate solutions…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jiří Kubalík , Robert Babuška

Symbolic regression (SR) searches for parametric models that accurately fit a dataset, prioritizing simplicity and interpretability. Despite this secondary objective, studies point out that the models are often overly complex due to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Guilherme Seidyo Imai Aldeia , Fabricio Olivetti de Franca , William G. La Cava

Symbolic regression (SR) is a challenging task in machine learning that involves finding a mathematical expression for a function based on its values. Recent advancements in SR have demonstrated the effectiveness of pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Parshin Shojaee , Kazem Meidani , Amir Barati Farimani , Chandan K. Reddy

Symbolic Regression tries to find a mathematical expression that describes the relationship of a set of explanatory variables to a measured variable. The main objective is to find a model that minimizes the error and, optionally, that also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca

In a regression task, a function is learned from labeled data to predict the labels at new data points. The goal is to achieve small prediction errors. In symbolic regression, the goal is more ambitious, namely, to learn an interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Paul Kahlmeyer , Joachim Giesen , Michael Habeck , Henrik Voigt

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering symbolic expressions that characterize nonlinear relationships in data, gaining increasing attention for its interpretability, compactness, and robustness. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-09 Shengbin Ye , Meng Li

Symbolic Regression (SR) aims to discover interpretable equations from observational data, with the potential to reveal underlying principles behind natural phenomena. However, existing approaches often fall into the Pseudo-Equation Trap:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jing Xiao , Xinhai Chen , Jiaming Peng , Qinglin Wang , Menghan Jia , Zhiquan Lai , Guangping Yu , Dongsheng Li , Tiejun Li , Jie Liu

Symbolic Regression (SR) can generate interpretable, concise expressions that fit a given dataset, allowing for more human understanding of the structure than black-box approaches. The addition of background knowledge (in the form of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Charles Fox , Neil Tran , Nikki Nacion , Samiha Sharlin , Tyler R. Josephson