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Existing attacks against multimodal language models (MLLMs) primarily communicate instructions through text accompanied by adversarial images. In contrast, we exploit the capabilities of MLLMs to interpret non-textual instructions,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiahui Geng , Thy Thy Tran , Preslav Nakov , Iryna Gurevych

This paper introduces MetaDefense, a novel framework for defending against finetuning-based jailbreak attacks in large language models (LLMs). We observe that existing defense mechanisms fail to generalize to harmful queries disguised by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Weisen Jiang , Sinno Jialin Pan

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive inference capabilities, but remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that can induce harmful or unethical responses. Existing defence methods are predominantly white-box approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Xiangyu Yin , Yi Qi , Jinwei Hu , Zhen Chen , Yi Dong , Xingyu Zhao , Xiaowei Huang , Wenjie Ruan

With the advent and widespread deployment of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), ensuring their safety has become increasingly critical. To achieve this objective, it requires us to proactively discover the vulnerability of MLLMs by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Siyuan Ma , Weidi Luo , Yu Wang , Xiaogeng Liu

Security concerns related to Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively explored, yet the safety implications for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), particularly in medical contexts (MedMLLMs), remain insufficiently studied.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Xijie Huang , Xinyuan Wang , Hantao Zhang , Yinghao Zhu , Jiawen Xi , Jingkun An , Hao Wang , Hao Liang , Chengwei Pan

Recently, Anil et al. (2024) show that many-shot (up to hundreds of) demonstrations can jailbreak state-of-the-art LLMs by exploiting their long-context capability. Nevertheless, is it possible to use few-shot demonstrations to efficiently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Xiaosen Zheng , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Qian Liu , Jing Jiang , Min Lin

Vision language models (VLMs) extend the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to cross-modal settings, yet remain highly vulnerable to multimodal jailbreak attacks. Existing defenses predominantly rely on safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mengxuan Wang , Yuxin Chen , Gang Xu , Tao He , Hongjie Jiang , Ming Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) guardrail systems are designed to protect against prompt injection and jailbreak attacks. However, they remain vulnerable to evasion techniques. We demonstrate two approaches for bypassing LLM prompt injection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 William Hackett , Lewis Birch , Stefan Trawicki , Neeraj Suri , Peter Garraghan

Recent advances in large vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across a wide range of visual understanding tasks. However, the robustness of these models against jailbreak attacks remains an open challenge. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Xiangyu Yin , Jiaxu Liu , Zhen Chen , Jinwei Hu , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang , Wenjie Ruan

The integration of new modalities into frontier AI systems offers exciting capabilities, but also increases the possibility such systems can be adversarially manipulated in undesirable ways. In this work, we focus on a popular class of…

The recent surge in jailbreaking attacks has revealed significant vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) when exposed to malicious inputs. While various defense strategies have been proposed to mitigate these threats, there has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Tianlong Li , Zhenghua Wang , Wenhao Liu , Muling Wu , Shihan Dou , Changze Lv , Xiaohua Wang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have emerged with astonishing capabilities approaching artificial general intelligence. While providing convenience for various societal needs, LLMs have also lowered the cost of generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Zhenhua Wang , Wei Xie , Kai Chen , Baosheng Wang , Zhiwen Gui , Enze Wang

With the widespread real-world deployment of large language models (LLMs), ensuring their behavior complies with safety standards has become crucial. Jailbreak attacks exploit vulnerabilities in LLMs to induce undesirable behavior, posing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jiaqi Wu , Chen Chen , Chunyan Hou , Xiaojie Yuan

Safety evaluation of multimodal foundation models often treats vision and language inputs separately, missing risks from joint interpretation where benign content becomes harmful in combination. Existing approaches also fail to distinguish…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Shruti Palaskar , Leon Gatys , Mona Abdelrahman , Mar Jacobo , Larry Lindsey , Rutika Moharir , Gunnar Lund , Yang Xu , Navid Shiee , Jeffrey Bigham , Charles Maalouf , Joseph Yitan Cheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed in robotic environments but remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks that bypass safety mechanisms and drive unsafe or physically harmful behaviors in…

Jailbreak attacks pose a serious threat to the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) by crafting adversarial prompts that bypass alignment mechanisms, causing the models to produce harmful, restricted, or biased content. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xiangman Li , Xiaodong Wu , Qi Li , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated increasing power, they have also given rise to a wide range of harmful behaviors. As representatives, jailbreak attacks can provoke harmful or unethical responses from LLMs, even after…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Nan Xu , Fei Wang , Ben Zhou , Bang Zheng Li , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly susceptible to sophisticated adversarial attacks, including adaptive strategies specifically designed to bypass existing defenses. To address this vulnerability, we propose MirrorCheck, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Samar Fares , Klea Ziu , Toluwani Aremu , Nikita Durasov , Martin Takáč , Pascal Fua , Ivan Laptev , Karthik Nandakumar

Despite extensive alignment efforts, Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. To mitigate these risks, existing detection methods are essential, yet they face two major challenges: generalization and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Shuang Liang , Zhihao Xu , Jiaqi Weng , Jialing Tao , Hui Xue , Xiting Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated immense utility across various industries. However, as LLMs advance, the risk of harmful outputs increases due to incorrect or malicious instruction prompts. While current methods effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Xinyi Zeng , Yuying Shang , Jiawei Chen , Jingyuan Zhang , Yu Tian