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Related papers: Constraint-Aware Grid-Forming Control for Current …

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Converter-based generators and loads are growing in prevalence on power grids across the globe. The rise of these resources necessitates controllers that handle the power electronic devices' strict current limits without jeopardizing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-19 Lauren Streitmatter , Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

High penetration of wind power with conventional grid following controls for inverter-based wind turbine generators (WTGs) weakens the power grid, challenging the power system stability. Grid-forming (GFM) controls are emerging technologies…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-02 Thai-Thanh Nguyen , Tuyen Vu , Sumit Paudyal , Frede Blaabjerg , Thanh Long Vu

A unified virtual oscillator controller (uVOC) is proposed, which enables a unified analysis, design, and implementation framework for both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) voltage source converters (VSCs). Oscillator based GFM…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 M A Awal , Iqbal Husain

This paper studies control interactions between grid-forming (GFM) converters exhibited by power and frequency oscillations in a weakly connected offshore wind power plant (WPP). Two GFM controls are considered, namely virtual synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Sulav Ghimire , Kanakesh V. Kkuni , Gabriel M. G. Guerreiro , Emerson D. Guest , Kim H. Jensen , Guangya Yang

During grid faults, grid-forming converters are typically suggested to switch from a voltage-source to a current-source mode to limit the current and protect the electronics. This transition has the potential for the converter to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Youcefa Brahim Elkhalil , Nima Tashakor , Davood Keshavarzi , Ehsan Asadi , Stefan Goetz

This work focuses on grid-forming (GFM) control of Interconnecting Power Converters (IPCs) that are used to interconnect multiple HVAC and HVDC subgrids to form a grid of grids. We introduce the concept of dual-port GFM control that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Dominic Groß , Sánchez-Sánchez , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are a key component in the ongoing modernization of power systems, with grid-forming (GFM) inverters playing a central role. Effective fault current limiting is a major challenge to modernizing power systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-19 Zaid Ibn Mahmood , Hantao Cui , Ying Zhang

Current-mode control is one of the most popular controller strategies for power converters. With the advent of wide bandgap devices including GaN and SiC, higher switching frequencies have become more viable at higher power because of lower…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Xiaofan Cui , Al-Thaddeus Avestruz

The popular single-input single-output control structures and classic design methods (e.g., root locus analysis) for the power control of grid-forming converters have limitations in applying to different line characteristics and providing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-02 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu

Grid-interfacing inverters allow renewable resources to be connected to the electric grid and offer fast and programmable control responses. However, inverters are subject to significant physical constraints. One such constraint is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

This paper presents a novel grid-forming voltage control strategy for a battery energy storage system to maintain balanced three-phase output voltages when serving unbalanced loads. A stationary reference frame ($\alpha \beta$) based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-23 Bei Xu , Victor Paduani , Hui Yu , David Lubkeman , Ning Lu

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) present a significant challenge to the stability and reliability of power systems, especially in grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditional grid-following (GFL) inverters have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Tamojit Chakraborty , Anamitra Pal , Sam Maleki

Modern low-carbon power systems come with many challenges, such as increased inverter penetration and increased uncertainty from renewable sources and loads. In this context, the microgrid concept is a promising approach, which is based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 E. D. Gomez Anccas , C. A. Hans , D. Schulz

High penetration of renewable generation poses great challenge to power system operation due to its uncertain nature. In droop-controlled microgrids, the voltage volatility induced by renewable uncertainties is aggravated by the high droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-02 Tianlun Chen , David J. Hill , Yue Song , Albert Y. S. Lam

This paper presents an extensive framework focused on the control design, along with stability and performance analysis, of Grid-Following Inverters (GFL). It aims to ensure their effective operation under both stiff and weak grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters can significantly alter the fault characteristics of power systems, which challenges the proper function of protective relays. This paper gives a holistic analysis of the interaction between GFM inverter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

In a purely inverter-based microgrid, both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters will have a crucial role to play in frequency/voltage regulation and maintaining power sharing through their grid support capabilities.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-01 Ankit Singhal , Thanh Long Vu , Wei Du

We present a hardware-based validation of angular droop control for grid-forming DC/AC converters, a control strategy that establishes active power-to-angle droop. Angular droop control enables exact frequency regulation at steady state,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Taouba Jouini , Jan Wachter , Sophie An , Veit Hagenmeyer